Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología

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    Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora de Chrysopogon zizanioides y Eichhornia crassipes en efluentes secundarios de una curtiembre de la provincia de Tungurahua. Articulado al Proyecto de Investigación aprobado mediante Resolución Nro. UTA-CONIN-2023-0194-R
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Escobar Jumbo, Bruno Manuel; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Since the 20th century, the increasing global demand for leather has driven the tanning industry to boost its production in Ecuador. However, this industry is one of the most polluting due to the generation of untreated waste, creating an environmental issue on a global scale. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of a phytoremediation process using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and C. zizanioides (Vetiver) to treat a contaminated effluent in the city of Ambato, Tungurahua province. To achieve this, three treatments were formulated in artificial wetlands, with a control and three replicates: T1-E. crassipes, T2-C. zizanioides, and T3-Combination (50:50). Over 45 days, physicochemical analyses were conducted on 14 parameters following TULSMA standards, using Hach, Hanna Instruments, and Velp Scientifica reagents. The results show a significant reduction of contaminants in treatment T3 with the following data: BOD5 84 percent, Cr6+ 75 percent, TSS 61 percent, Nitrogen 71 percent, Ammonium 60 percent, Turbidity 99 percent, Color 79 percent, and Phosphorus 60 percent. Additionally, an initial and final characterization encompassing 34 physicochemical parameters was performed. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment with the combination of both plant species in an artificial wetland. This provides a starting point for studying the interaction of E. crassipes and C. zizanioides in tannery effluents and formulating treatments that help mitigate the environmental impact of the leather and dyeing industry.
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    Evaluación de la eficacia combinada de Eichhornia crassipes y Salvinia natans para descontaminar el agua de descarga de la PTAR Artezón-Píllaro mediante fitorremediación
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2025-02) Aucapiña Chango, Grace Diana; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Wastewater from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) contains organic compounds, salts, and heavy metals that pose an environmental threat when released without complying with the TULSMA regulations. This affects water quality and aquatic life, necessitating an efficient phytoremediation system for its decontamination. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of a phytoremediation system using combinations of E. crassipes and S. natans to decontaminate wastewater. The methodology included an experimental phase with different proportions of E. crassipes and S. natans in 25 liters of water. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were characterized at 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days using oxitop methods, gravimetry, and adapted Hanna protocols based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results demonstrated that combinations of E. crassipes and S. natans achieved high contaminant removal rates, including percentages of 97.5 COD, 97.88 BOD, 99.47 ammoniacal nitrogen, 98.82 total phosphorus, 93.99 surfactants, 82.68-93.85 total solids, 64.19 color, 64.76 conductivity, 98.68 turbidity, 99.60 copper, 92.30 aluminum, 79.67 chromium, 99.57 total nitrogen, 80 oils and greases, and 95.24 fecal coliforms. The application of the wastewater treatment system will enable the WWTP waters to comply with regulations. This work demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of a natural and sustainable approach to wastewater decontamination, contributing to improved water quality and ecosystem protection.
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    Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora del Eichhornia crassipes y Salvinia natans en aguas residuales de la PTAR Artezón -Píllaro
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-08) Chiriboga Villagomez, Viviana Nataly; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    This study examines water pollution exacerbated by industrial and urban discharges, affecting the quality of water essential for agricultural irrigation and health. Therefore, the phytoremediation capacity of the species S. natans and E. crassipes in the wastewater of the Artezón Píllaro WWTP was evaluated. During the acclimatization process, both plants demonstrated their suitability for phytoremediation, achieving a reduction in COD with S. natans and E. crassipes. Treatments with different masses were applied: for E. crassipes, M1 0-500 g, M2 501-700 g, and M3 (701-800 g); and for S. natans, M1 (0-400 g), M2 (401-800 g), and M3 (801-900 g). Physicochemical and microbiological parameter analyses were performed at intervals of 0, 7, 15, 30, and 45 days, following the protocols of the Hanna manual and the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results showed that both plants reduce the levels of organic pollutants and heavy metals in the wastewater, varying according to the mass used and the type of plant. For E. crassipes, the M1 treatment showed high removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus. On the other hand, S. natans with the M3 treatment also showed efficient removal percentages in surfactants, total solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, COD, BOD, turbidity, color, chromium VI, copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, fecal coliforms, and total phosphorus.
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    Determinación de la degradación del agua residual de los laboratorios ambientales de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología tratada mediante fotocatálisis (TiO2/UV)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2024-02) Guamán Chamba, Dámaris Alexandra; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    The wastewater generated by the environmental analysis laboratories of educational institutions may present contaminating compounds that need to be treated. In this project, the advanced oxidation process was investigated using titanium dioxide in suspension irradiated with UVC light, to degrade organic contaminants present in wastewater from chemical determinations of the environmental analysis laboratory of the Faculty of Food Sciences and Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato. The variation of the pH of the solution, hydrogen peroxide concentration, reaction time and level of contamination of the sample was studied. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by COD removal efficiency. The best treatment presented a COD elimination percentage of 50,33 percent at a pH of 5,6, at a concentration of 70 milligrams per liter of hydrogen peroxide and 120 minutes of exposure, in the sample pretreated by neutralization and diluted to an organic loading concentration of 300 mg COD per liter. A high removal of other contaminants was observed, such as iron, zinc, manganese and heavy metals; Additionally, a high removal of sulfates, phosphates and nitrates was achieved. The BOD5 to COD ratio of the effluent pretreated by neutralization was 0,40, while this ratio was 0,11 for the wastewater treated by photocatalysis, which indicates that after the photocatalytic treatment, oxidation byproducts that are less biodegradable than the organic components of the pretreated effluent.
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    Evaluación del tratamiento de electrocoagulación seguido del proceso de fitorremediación de Eichhornia crassipes en aguas residuales de curtiembre de la provincia de Tungurahua
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Ortiz Tibán, Pamela Alejandra; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    Tannery wastewater, with its complex mixture of organic compounds, salts and heavy metals, constitutes a serious environmental threat when released without adequate treatment, negatively affecting water quality and aquatic life. This project focuses on the evaluation of a combined treatment of electrocoagulation and phytoremediation with Eichhornia crassipes in wastewater from a tannery in Tungurahua. The methodology used involved the initial characterization of physicochemical parameters with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater using the HANNA equipment. The treatment was divided into two phases: electrocoagulation as pretreatment and phytoremediation with different masses of E. crassipes (138, 217 and 520) grams. For two months, a detailed monitoring of the decontamination was carried out, evaluating the parameters according to the TULSMA regulations. Preliminary results revealed that electrocoagulation achieved significant reductions of 60 to 80 percent in several contaminants. Phytoremediation, especially with E. crassipes M3, proved to be highly effective in the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals, achieving notable removals of 90 to 100 percent. This combined approach emerges as a promising solution for tannery wastewater treatment, highlighting the importance of technology integration to address the complexity of these industrial effluents. The project not only contributes to environmental mitigation but also to the implementation of sustainable strategies in industrial wastewater management.
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    Evaluación de la capacidad fitorremediadora de Eichhornia crassipes y Pistia stratiotes en efluentes secundarios de industrias textiles y de curtiembre de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Puerto Arturo (EP-EMAPA-A)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2024-02) Buitrón Arellano, María de los Angeles; Flores Tapia, Nelly Esther
    The growing issue of water pollution due to industrial discharges has led to an urgent need to find effective solutions in wastewater treatment plants worldwide. This study aims to investigate the phytoremediation capacity of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes in wastewater from textile and tanning industries, contributing to the improvement of the treatment process at the Puerto Arturo Wastewater Treatment Plant (EP-EMAPA-A). Experiments were conducted using the plants individually and in combination. Subsequently, physicochemical analyses of the parameters were carried out over a period of 2 months, with samples taken every 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. Wastewater was then analyzed during the decontamination process using protocols established by Hanna and Hach, adapted from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The results revealed that, individually, E. crassipes and P. stratiotes demonstrated notable abilities to remove contaminants, reaching optimal levels on the 30th day of the study. Specifically, E. crassipes excelled in the removal of turbidity, sulfates, and surfactants with percentages between 80 and 90 percent, while P. stratiotes proved effective in total suspended solids, total solids, COD, and BOD5, with percentages also ranging between 80 and 90 percent. The combination of both plants exhibited synergy only in color removal, with a percentage of 87,08 percent, although favorable results were not observed in other parameters.
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    Determinación de las isotermas y cinéticas de adsorción de metales pesados (Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu) sobre adsorbentes de zeolita y piroclasto volcánico para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de lavadoras automotrices del cantón Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2023-09) Arguello Rodríguez, Diter David; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Wastewater from human activity and industry mostly ends up in water effluents without any prior treatment, which exacerbates the level of contamination of this resource, these practices cause the decrease in water availability. Automotive washing machines generate high loads of hydrocarbons and heavy metals of which vehicles are composed, which is why the objective of the project was the determination of isotherms and kinetics of adsorbent materials on the wastewater of automotive washing machines in the Ambato canton. The present experimental research project consists of an analysis of adsorption isotherms on heavy metals with known initial concentrations of heavy metals, applying linear adjustment and models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, for which the adsorption capacity of a porous material (pyroclast) and materials with a high degree of ion exchange (mordenite zeolite and cliptonilolite) was evaluated. In addition, the adsorption efficiency of the materials was verified on a sample of synthetic water (distilled water and metal) and one of matrix water (wastewater and metal cations), thus executing a simple adsorption process and a competitive adsorption system, for the preparation of samples the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA) were taken as reference. Finally, it was shown that adsorbent materials can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater, removing up to 95 percent of the initial load of contaminants.
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    Caracterización del contenido en nutrientes y metales pesados en lodos provenientes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato (PTAR)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Sánchez Lascano, Alison Verónica; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Sustainable soil management is a priority for food production and environmental protection; therefore, sewage sludge becomes an agricultural management strategy to improve soil properties. This is the reason why, the centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge from the PTAR-Ambato were characterized based on their physicochemical characteristics (moisture content, organic matter and pH), heavy metal content (Cr, Pb, Cd, As, Co, Ni, Al) and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). Through the maximum and minimum limits analysis, established in the current environmental regulations, the use of residual sludge in agriculture was measured. Indeed, the high content of nutrients (percentage) N, P and K with 3.05, 2.15 and 0.77 in centrifuge sludge; and 0.92, 41.27 and 1.01, in solidified sludge, respectively, make it a potential resource for nutrient recycling. However, the high moisture content (percentage) with 389.61 and 70.56, the low organic matter content (percentage) with 10.97 and 0.68 in centrifuge sludge and solidified sludge, respectively, as well as the high content of heavy metals (milligram per kilogram) such as elemental aluminum with 759.43 and hexavalent chromium with 82.68 limit their use in agriculture. In conclusion, residual sludge from the PTAR-Ambato could be stabilized before final disposal by prolonged alkalinization, composting or vermicomposting to obtain a product suitable for agriculture.
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    Evaluación del consumo de oxígeno por bacterias aeróbicas en aguas residuales de la planta de tratamiento de Ambato contaminadas con arsénico y cromo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Freire Alegria, Sharon Mayli; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    Industrial activities and population growth have led to an increase in the use of water resources and, therefore, the generation of wastewater. These have a high pollution load, both biological and non-biological (heavy metals, organic matter). For this reason, the objectives of this curricular integration project were to characterize the wastewater obtained from three secondary treatment points (the clarified effluent from the primary reactor, the mixed liquor from the biological reactor and the biosolids recirculation tank) of the Ambato wastewater treatment plant. Toxicity bioassays were also conducted by adding arsenic and hexavalent chromium, to verify how these metals affect the oxygen uptake rate and the inhibition of 20, 50 and 80 percent of microbial metabolism and growth. Determining that, as the concentration of the elements increased, the oxygen uptake rate decreased in both cases, as they decreased from 277 to 152 (arsenic) and from 288 to 68 milligrams of oxygen per liter per day (chromium). Furthermore, chromium was more toxic than arsenic, since the latter metal needed higher concentrations (1000 milligrams per liter) to achieve a 20 percent inhibition, as opposed to chromium, which needed only 13 milligrams per liter. Finally, these studies have been carried out with the purpose of providing alternatives to optimize wastewater treatment in future research.
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    Efecto de la adición de cadmio y de plomo sobre el consumo de oxígeno en la degradación de materia orgánica del agua residual cruda de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Ambato
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Biotecnología, 2023-03) Aliaga Guerrero, Jean Pierre; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny David
    The residuals water treatment contributes to environmental sustainability by removing contaminants present in water. However, the biological treatment in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) be affected due to the high concentration of inorganic contaminants, such as heavy metals, causing deterioration of the system. The objective of the project was to evaluate the impact of the addition of cadmium and lead on the oxygen of aerobic bacteria that degrade the organic material, doing respirometric tests in relation to the increase in heavy metal concentrations. For the tests, the mixed liquor from the WWTP-Ambato biological reactor was collected and exposed to different concentration levels of cadmium and lead. The results revealed that in a concentration up to 2000 mg per L, both heavy metals had an inhibitory effect on oxygen consumption, with a maximum inhibition of 97.75 percent and 85.07 percent for Cd and Pb, respectively. Also, the cadmium and lead toxicity index were determined in the activity of the PTAR-Ambato biological reactor that causes a 20 percent inhibition (IC20) to be 23.32 mg Cd per L and 390.39 mg Pb per L, a 50 percent inhibition (IC50) to be 147.40 mg Cd per L y 671.08 mg Pb per L and 80 percent inhibition (IC80) to be 731.12 mg Cd per L y 951.38 mg Pb per L. In conclusion, the high levels of cadmium and lead toxicity suggest that aerobic bacteria are developing tolerance to these metals.