Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Caracterización de los saberes ancestrales agrícolas en el cultivo de cacao (theobroma cacao l.)” en el cantón Cumandá(2016) Arévalo González, Agustín Andrés; González, MariluThis research is conducted in the enclosures Buenos Aires, The New Union, Los Laureles, 87, Guayacanes, Agricultural production, La Modelo, Cascajal, Rio Blanco, Reserves, San Miguel de Bucay Chico and San Vicente belonging to the canton Cumandá of Chimborazo province. The Cumandá Canton is located south west of the province of Chimborazo in the western foothills of the Andes in the Republic of Ecuador. The city center is located between coordinates 2nd 12'28 "S and 78 ° 08'15" W. For the methodology a sample of total cocoa producers in the canton Cumandá, whom interviews were conducted in situ using recorder and field sheets, in order to know the reality of management of this crop in the area, was calculated then used surveys based on the information gathered to close the answers. From this information a sheet data was constructed and tabulated in the Statistics18 system. The work yielded the following results: 38.9% of respondents are in the age range of 41 to 55 years old; 26.7% are between 56 and 70 years; 18.9% have more than 70 years and only 15.6% are between 25-40 years of age. Most respondents cocoa producers are 76.7% men and 23.3% women. Cumandá canton area where we found higher cocoa production is the sector of the Island with 77.7%, divided into precincts: Buenos Aires with 40%, the New Union with 11.1%, with Agricultural Production 10%, Los Laureles with 8.9% 87 4.4% and 1.1% Guayacanes with. We also found Cascajal producers in enclosures with 11.1% Reserves 4.4%, the model with a 2.2% and Rio Blanco with 1.1%; the latter not belonging to the sector La Isla. The 97.8% of respondents are literate, while 2.2% do not know. 61.1% of farmers interviewed have primary education, 22.2% have secondary education, 13.3% have higher education, 1.1% have another type of instruction and 2.2% have no type of instruction. 32.2% of those xx interviewed producers stated that the soil where the crop is cocoa develops franc; 26.7% indicates that the soil is clayey; 17.8% say it has a sandy soil and 23.3% are other types of soil. 48.9% of interviewed farmers have their crops at low slopes; 46.7% indicate that the slope is average while 4.4% of the producers indicate that the slope is high. Most producers agree that the rainiest months are the first months of the year, broken down as follows: 48.9% in March, 28.9% in February and April to 10%. Also, most producers agree that the driest months are the months of September with 26.7%, with 24.4% in August, October with 17.8%, with 14.4% in November and July 8.9%. Respondents consider the month of July as the cooler with 37.8%, followed by August with 33.3%, with 11.1% in September and June to 8.9%. 17.8% of respondents believe that December is best suited for planting work, followed by March with 15.6% in January to 14.4%, February with the November with 13.3% and 12.2%. 25.6% of respondents producers, perform the harvest in October, 20.0% carry the harvest in September, 16.7% carry the harvest in August, with the same percentage perform harvest in November. You may also notice that 17.8% of respondents producers make pruning in March; 12.2% do pruning in February and made similar percentage pruning in June; 10% do pruning in April and also with 10% perform pruning in May. 82.2% of farmers surveyed Fertilisation perform work the first half of the year, distributed as follows: 14.4% work in January, 10.0% do so in February, 13.3% in March, 14.4% in April, 15.6% in May and 14.4% in June. 62.2% of respondents state that knowledge about agricultural practices obtained thanks to the experience gained over time, 21.1% stated that the obtained thanks to the inherited knowledge, 13.3% for training and only 3.3% obtained it for higher studies. 56.7% of respondents expressed producers who grow the variety CCN-51 ramilla; 25.6% use the variety CCN-51 graft; 16.7% use the National variety fine aroma and 1.1% use other varieties. 92.2% of respondents say they obtained producing plant nurseries and buying just 7.8% indicates that performs own plant propagation. 77.8% of respondents use ranges planting distances ranging between 2.5 m x 2.5 m to 3 m x 3 m; 18.9% use distances ranging between 3.25 m x 3.25 m to 4 m x 4 m and 3.3% used other planting distances. 78.9% do weeding to prepare the ground for planting, plow makes 17.8% 1.1% performs soil disinfection and 2.2% engaged in other activities. It can also be seen that 65.6% of respondents producers machete used for site preparation; 16.7% used tractor; 6.7 scythe used bike; 9.9% use mattock, chainsaw and knapsack and 1.1% use scrawl. In addition to 100% of respondents perform a manual planting. 57.8% of producers use the Burrow; 12.2% use lampa; 11.1% use bar; 8.9% xxi use machete; estaquilla uses 6.7% and 3.3% used piola. 40% of farmers do not use ancestral knowledge or bio-indicators for this activity; 25.6% is guided by the waning quarter; 18.9% use the crescent of the lunar cycle; 8.9% is based on winter; 5.6% is guided by the full moon and 1.1% are in new moon. 48.9% of farmers using chemical fertilizer; 43.3% use organic fertilizer; and 7.8% do not use any fertilizer. 50% of farmers do not use organic fertilizers; 33.3% makes its own fertilizer and 16.7% buy the compost. 44.4% of producers use specifically granular fertilizer; 15.6% use chicken manure; 8.9% use livestock manure; 5.6% use pig manure; 15.6% use another type of fertilizer and 10% do not use fertilizer. 51.1% of producers payable semi-annually; 37.8% paid annually; does not pay 8.9% and 2.2% do so quarterly. 56.7% of farmers applied 50 to 200 Kg; 17.8% applies from 200 to 600 Kg; 10% do not pay; 7.8% applied 600 to 1200 Kg and the remaining 7.8% over 1200 kg applied. 38.9% of cocoa producers associated with corn; 28.9% do with bananas; 16.7% use cassava; 4.4% associated with other crops while 11.1% is not associated with any crop. 52.2% associated crops from 18 to 24 months; 17.8% work 12 to 18 months; 14.4% work 30 to 36 months; 3.3% work 24 to 30 months and 3.3% do so in more than 36 months. You may also notice that 63.3% of farmers do not perform drainage while 36.7% if you make drainage. 81.1% of farmers do not use ancestral knowledge or bio-indicators for this activity; 10% is guided by the crescent; 6.7% use the waning quarter moon cycle; 1.1% is based on the new moon and the remaining 1.1% are in full moon. 53.3% of farmers affected by ants; 14.4% have no pest problems; 11.1% is affected by sanduchero; 7.8% said that aphids are the problem; chinchorro 7.8% and 5.6% have other pest problems. In addition 95.6% of farmers do not use ancestral knowledge for this activity and 4.4% if you make some ancestral practice. 47.8% of producers think that the sheet is affected by this scourge; 44.4% none; 5.6% to 2.2% fruit and the stem.