Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Evaluación de la eficacia del método de diagnóstico California Mastitis Test (CMT) para la detección temprana y el monitoreo de la mastitis bovina en el centro de acopio de leche en la Comunidad Tahualag.(2024-11) Quinzo Padilla Hirma Janneth; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioMastitis is a complex disease, the product of several factors associated with both the interaction of the host with the environment and with the pathogenic bacteria present in the environment where dairy cows develop, negatively impacting the health of the animal with the consequent decrease in the production. To detect this disease, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) is applied, which is a sensitive and easy-to-handle test that is applied to each breast quarter. However, it can give false positives, so the interpretation of results could vary, for such reasons. reasons In the present study, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the CMT diagnostic test for the early detection and monitoring of bovine mastitis was carried out in the milk collection center in the Tahualag community. To develop this research, we had a population of 70 crossbred Holstein cows. When the prevalence of mastitis was calculated, it was established that only 18.6% of the females were positive, the predominance of which occurred in the left posterior quarter (CPI) with 31%, followed by 23% belonging to the CAI (left anterior quarter), the CAD (right anterior quarter) and the CDP (right posterior quarter). The calculation of the prevalence of mastitis according to age showed that there is greater influence in females 6 years of age (38.5%) and with less influence ages 7 and 8 years (7.7%). Among the biological agents causing mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus was identified in the highest percentage (38.5%), followed by 23.1% belonging to both Staphylococcus spp and Staphylococcus coagulase, and finally both Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis, each with the 7.7%.Item Estudio retrospectivo de la prevalencia de brucelosis bovina (Brucella abortus) en el Ecuador desde los años 2015 – 2023(2024-11) Barragán Taco Edison Macgyver; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioBovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a zoonotic disease of global importance due to its consequences for both public health and the economy, especially in developing countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia where control and eradication practices are ineffective. In this study, the prevalence of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in Ecuador from 2016 to 2023 was analyzed. A total of 1,279 cases of bovine brucellosis reported according to the records of the PhytoZoosanitary Regulation and Control Agency - AGROCALIDAD from 2016 to 2023 were analyzed to evaluate possible differences in the prevalence percentages of brucellosis through the years of study, variations in the months of the year, provinces that make up Ecuador, as well as the regions. Overall, the Sierra and Oriente regions showed the highest prevalence rates, with averages of 15.80 and 15.87%, respectively, while in the Costa Region the average rate reached 10.53%. In the Costa Provinces, prevalence ranged from 6.0% in the province of Santa Elena to 15.2% in Guayas. In the Sierra Region, a wider variation in prevalence levels was observed, ranging from 7.8% in the province of Carchi to 29.6% in the province of Loja, while in the Oriente Region seroprevalence ranged from 6.8% in Morona Santiago to 22.9% in the province of Napo. Finally, bovine brucellosis in Ecuador showed wide variations between the years 2016 to 2023, with values of 14.75% in 2016, which tended to decrease until 2018 with a variation of up to -44% compared to the two previous years, while in 2019 an increase was observed with a variation of 84%, after which it decreased until 2021 and a slight rebound in 2022.Item Revisión bibliográfica de la resistencia parasitaria en la aplicación de antihelmínticos en bovinos del Ecuador(2024-11) Patiño Ponce Juan Pablo; Rodríguez Haro Cecilia ElizabethThis study reviews the resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle in Ecuador to the use of anthelmintics, through a bibliographic review of scientific publications and national reports. The objective is to provide an updated overview of parasite species prevalence and the effectiveness of anthelmintic treatments, considering the geographical, climatic, and biological variations across different regions of the country. The specific objectives include: 1) Determining the number of helminth species present in cattle fecal samples before and after treatments with various drugs. 2) Identifying the most prevalent gastrointestinal parasite species. 3) Analyzing deworming protocols, considering the diversity of helminths, the time of year, and the duration of treatment effectiveness in each region. The study covered several regions of Ecuador, including the coast, highlands, and the Amazon, each with distinct climatic and geographical conditions that influence parasite prevalence and treatment effectiveness. In the coastal region, provinces such as Manabí, Guayas, and El Oro, with warm and humid climates, promote parasite presence. In the highlands, areas like Pichincha, Chimborazo, and Azuay, with cooler climates and higher altitudes, present different patterns of parasitic incidence. In the Amazon, provinces such as Napo, Sucumbíos, and Morona Santiago are characterized by their biodiversity, which facilitates the prevalence of various parasitic species. This analysis provides key information to optimize parasite control strategies in cattle farming in Ecuador, contributing to the development of more sustainable and effective practices that improve animal health and increase livestock productivity in the country.Item Prevalencia de Fasciola hepática en bovinos faenados en el Camal municipal del Cantón Pelileo Provincia de Tungurahua en el período Marzo-Mayo del 2024(2024-11) Carranza Arévalo Álvaro Iván; Almeida Secaira Roberto IsmaelFasciolosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola hepatica, which is considered a tropical disease that threatens the productivity of ruminants due to the economic losses associated with the presence of the parasite. The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in cattle slaughtered at the municipal slaughterhouse of the Pelileo Canton, Tungurahua Province, was evaluated in the period March-May 2024. The study was carried out through macroscopic observation of livers obtained from cattle slaughtered at the slaughterhouse and the possible association between the sex and origin of the animal on the predisposition to the presence of the parasite was evaluated using a Pearson association test (𝜒2). From a total of 1,622 animals sampled, the overall prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in the dataset was found to be 8.08%, which corresponds to 131 animals that presented symptoms of the disease. In relation to the place of origin, the highest prevalence was observed in cattle from Salcedo, Chiquicha parish, Ambato and El Rosario with values of 9.9%, 9.8%, 9.7% and 9.6%, respectively, which are considered moderate values, while in Bolívar, the prevalence was the lowest (4.5%). No association was found between sex and prevalence, with percentages of 43.9% in males and 45.3% in females (𝜒2=0.243). The total value in liver losses, considering the price per kilo and the number of positive animals for each group was $2,728.00 during the study period, making a ratio of 100% of slaughtered livers (1,622 units), a loss of 8.08% due to confiscations is obtained. Given the prevalence of the parasite in livestock in the production areas of the Sierra zone, the development and implementation of training programs for small and medium producers on the management of F. hepatica in their production units is recommended.Item Prevalencia de tricomoniasis en bovinos faenados en el centro de Faenamiento Municipal de Pastaza(2024-10) Zúñiga Araujo, Solange Danniela; Carrillo Álvarez, Israel SalomónBovine trichomoniasis is caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, a protozoan species with wide worldwide distribution, causing a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes infertility, abortion and endometritis, postcoital pyometra or fetal maceration. In the present study, the prevalence of bovine trichomoniasis in cattle slaughtered at the Pastaza municipal slaughterhouse were determined. A total of 361 samples were taken from cattle admitted to the "Pastaza Municipal Slaughterhouse" from January to April 2024 from the Pastaza, Mera and Santa Clara municipalities. From these data, information on the relationship between the prevalence of the disease and the age, sex and origin of the animal was obtained. The study was carried out through simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency and percentages. Additionally, the association of the variables sex, age and place of origin of the cattle with the prevalence of trichomoniasis was established through a Spearman correlation (𝜒 2 ). A general prevalence of trichomoniasis of 2.8% was found in cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pastaza, observed only in cattle from five parishes of the Pastaza canton with a total of 10 positive cases. No association was found between the sex, age group and place of origin of the cattle and the prevalence of trichomoniasis in this study. Given the importance of trichomoniasis, it is recommended to carry out studies using molecular biology to confirm the presence of the parasite in herds in the area.Item Evaluación de la calidad de canal bovina y su relación con el manejo ante-mortem en EP – FYPROCAI(2024-08) Velasco Ayala, Hendry Bladimir; Burgos Mayorga, Ana RafaelaThe objective of the present investigation was to determine the effect of ante-mortem handling on the characteristics of beef. 278 cattle slaughtered in the EP-FYPROCAI company were evaluated trough daily observations during the months of April and May 2024. The animals were observed from their arrival, they were identified with a code and followed throughout the slaughter process until storage of carcasses. The following variables were taken: live weight, rest area, fasting time, water quality, phenotypic characteristics, live weight, number of falls, vocalizations, use of electric prod, hits with forbidden objects, stunning with a captive bolt, time of stunning to bleeding, pH (45 minutes, 6, 12, and 24 hours), temperature (45 minutes and 12 hours), color was evaluated based on a colorimetry scale, conformation of the carcass based on conformation grades 1-4, carcass weight, and carcass yield was calculated based on live weight and carcass weight data. The results showed that the fasting time was correct, however, the handling trough facilities presented failures due to hits with forbidden objects and excessive use of electric prod, but the number of falls was within the accepted parameter. Sixty nine percent of animals received a correct stunning; 58% had a time of stunning to bleeding of 2-3 minutes; pH at 45 minutes postmortem was 6.93, followed by 6.13 at 6 hours, continuing at 12 hours with a decrease in pH to 5.89, and at 24 hours with a pH of 5.73; 80% of carcasses were considered normal, while 18% of carcasses were considered DFD, and 2% were considered PSE meat. Mean of temperature at 45 minutes was of 31.09°C, while, at 12 hours reached 12.25°C, and at 24 hours reached a temperature of 7.37°C. Sixty six percent of the carcasses were in good conformation. These results reflected that, there was a relationship between ante-mortem variables and the quality of the carcass, therefore, ante-mortem handling did influence the quality of the meat.Item Taxonomía de las especies de garrapatas (Acari: Ixodidae) asociadas con bovinos en las provincias de Napo y Pastaza(2024-08) Sigcho Jiménez, Carmen Raquel; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisIxodid ticks are responsible for large socioeconomic losses due to the negative impact caused to cattle, either by the irritation caused by the bite or by their ability to transmit pathogens to cattle. In this research, the taxonomy of tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with cattle in the provinces of Napo and Pastaza was studied. The animals were restrained and inspected to detect the presence of ticks, which were collected manually. The ticks were placed in jars containing 70% alcohol plus 5% glycerin and labeled by host, location and sampling date. The specimens were examined under stereoscopic microscope magnification in the Entomology laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato (UTA) to determine the genus and species based on morphological characters. Two species of ticks associated with cattle were identified in the Napo and Pastaza Provinces, both species belonging to the genus Rhipicephalus. Thus, in this investigation, Riphicephalus microplus (Canestrini) and Rhipicephalus linneai (Audouin) were identified. Of a total of 949 ticks collected, the highest abundance was observed in the species R. microplus, which was found in 94.7% of the samples, while R. linneai represented only 5.3% of the samples. Of the total R. microplus, the highest percentage was female (91.2%), while males and nymphs only represented 8.3 and 0.5%, respectively. Regarding R. linneai, the sex ratio was higher in the abundance of males (66.0%) compared to females (34.0%) and no nymphs or larvae were observed. This research is the first time that R. linneai is reported parasitizing cattle, so detailed studies are suggested to evaluate its potential impact on livestock production.Item Evaluación terapéutica de plasma rico en plaquetas en el tratamiento de vulvovaginitis pústular infecciosa en vacas(2024-08) Proaño Lozano, Catherine Christell; Rosero Peñaherrera, Marco AntonioThe aim of this research was to determine the therapeutic effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in different doses, with the purpose of reducing the spread of pustules containing the viral load of vulvovaginitis in cows, a common condition that presents significant challenges to dairy production, causing infertility, abortions, among other issues. To achieve this objective, an experimental study was conducted with dairy cows, divided into four groups: a control group treated with an antiviral called 5% acyclovir, group A with 1.5 ml of PRP, group B with 1.0 ml of PRP, and group C with 0.5 ml of PRP. The methodology involved the direct application of PRP to the mucosa of the vulvar lips, with their respective treatments. The evaluation of the number of pustules present was key in the investigation. The results showed a significant difference in pustule reduction: group A achieved a 56.13% decrease, group B a 34.16% decrease, group C a 34.33% decrease, and the control group a 35.4% decrease. These findings highlight the efficacy of this therapy in reducing the incidence of vulvovaginitis pustules in cattle. It is concluded that the application of PRP is an effective alternative treatment to reduce viral load and improve reproductive health in cattle.Item La nanobiotecnología como método de diagnóstico y tratamiento de mastitis bovina(2024-08) Martínez Martínez, Rodrigo Alexander; Mera Andrade, Rafael IsaiasOne of the most common and costly diseases in the dairy industry is bovine mastitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the mammary gland caused by bacterial infections. Nanobiotechnology is presented as a possible solution to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This research examines the potential applications of nanobiotechnology in the treatment of bovine mastitis, emphasizing advances in nanotechnology-based diagnostic and treatment methods. Novel methods to diagnose bovine mastitis such as nanoparticle sensors, were created to identify specific biomarkers in milk, allowing early and accurate detection of bacterial infections, innovative treatments include Nanocapsules of antibiotics to be controlled released at the site of infection, increasing its effectiveness and reducing side effects or antimicrobial nanomaterials.Item Evaluación de extractos tánicos de Caesalpinia spinosa sobre la calidad en la curtición de pieles caprinas y bovinas(2024-08) Muenala Guagalango, Hugo Lizandro; Aragadvay Yungán, Ramón GonzaloIn the elaboration of the following study, the aim was to search and prove that the use of ionized tannins extracted from caesalpinia spinosa at a certain concentration can serve as a tanning source, in order to replace chromium, the extract was used as a base in an aqueous medium at 5% dilution, where a percentage of purity of 55.97% concentration was obtained, This medium was the one with the best reference values, so that after proceeding with the tanning process, good results were obtained in terms of physical (strain, elongation) and sensory (softness, fullness, roundness), reaching optimal margins for sale and use, and thus avoiding the harmful and polluting effects of chromium to the environment, in addition to the fact that through the use of this extract, production costs were reduced by almost half, thus leaving higher returns.