Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Efecto de la Acacia melanoxylon en diferentes niveles más enzimas fibrolíticas sobre el comportamiento productivo y digestibilidad en ovinos(2022-09) Abarca Cabrera, Alex Enrique; Aragadvay Yungán, Ramón GonzaloThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of Acacia melanoxylon plus fibrolytic enzymes on the productive behavior and digestibility in sheep. This research was carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences - UTA. 18 weaned sheep with an average weight of 15 kg were used, in a completely randomized design (DCA) with three groups and 6 repetitions, with diets: T0: Control diet that does not contain inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon, T1: 15% inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon and T2: 30% inclusion of Acacia melanoxylon + 0.2% fibrolytic enzymes. Voluntary intake, weight gain, feed conversion and digestibility in sheep were evaluated. The voluntary consumption of Dry Matter was higher (0.0002) for T1 (1265.25) and T2 (1268.85) compared to T0 (863.75), in Organic Matter it showed differences being higher (0.0002) for T1 (1207.43) and T2 (1206.05) in relation to T0 (831.35); In neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber there were very significant differences (<0.0001) between treatments, being the highest T2 (442.00 and 97.72 respectively) for the other treatments. The weight gain obtained differences between treatments (P=0.0288) being higher for T1 (147.90) and the best feed conversion was for T2 (0.08). The apparent digestibility of DM and OM did not show significant differences; however, there is an increase in digestibility in T1 (67.48 MS and 68.42 MO) and T2 (72.97 MS and 75.53 MO) compared to T0 that only obtained (44.18 MS and 45. 14 MO). In neutral detergent fiber they did not show significant differences (0.0002) for T1 (31,40) and T2 (50,27) in relation to T0 (13.92); And the acid detergent fiber did not show significant differences between T0 (22.39) and T1 (22.58) but the best digestibility of (FDA) was obtained by T2 (37.46). The voluntary intake of digestible DM was higher (0.0002) for T1 (874.82) and T2 (908.58) compared to T0 (637.30); In MO, a difference (0.0004) was found, being (846.30) for T1 and (869.50) for T2, while T0 obtained (627.32); FDN and FDA showed significant differences (<0.0001) in T2 (218.88 and 35.58 respectively). The voluntary consumption of the metabolic weight in DM was higher (0.0009) in T1 (106.93) and T2 (109.66) for T0 (79.65); in MO it was higher (0.0013) for T1 (102.03) and T2 (104.23) compared to T0 (76.67); in FDN and FDA in T2 were significantly different for (<0.0001) being (38.20 and 7.81 respectively). It was concluded that the use of Acacia melanoxylon plus fibrolytic enzymes improves the productive performance and digestibility in sheep.Item Efecto de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas en dietas altas en fibra sobre la función ruminal in vivo e in vitro en ovinos(2018) Sanmartín Villacreses, Diana Aracelly; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos A.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of fibrolytic enzymes in high fiber diets on ruminal function in vivo and in vitro in sheep. The work was carried out in the Granja Experimental Docente Querochaca. Four castrated male sheep with an average weight of 30 kg were fed a diet covering the nutritional requirements of the animals according to the 1993 AFRC, with different inclusion levels of enzymes (0%, 0.08%, 0.16% and 0.24% ). The investigation included four periods of 14 days of adaptation and 4 days of sampling for the treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, resulting in a field work of 72 days where each animal was confined in its metabolic cage. The voluntary intake of MS and MO was higher (P <0.05) respectively, in T1, T3 and T4 with respect to the other treatment. PC consumption was higher (P = 0.0013) for T4 (363.8 g / animal / day). With respect to NDF and ADF consumption, it was higher (P <0.05) for T1 and T4 respectively (Table 3). The voluntary consumption by PV0.75 of MS, MO, NDF and FDA showed no differences (P> 0.05) between the treatments. The intake of digestible nutrients of MO and NDF showed a better response in T1, T3 and T4 respectively (Table 3). The digestibility of the FDA was higher (P = 0.0407) in the treatments with ascending levels of enzymes (linear P = 0.0060) (Table 3). The ruminal pH and the production of AGVs, acetic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids, no differences were observed (P> 0.05) between treatments, whereas propionic acid was higher (P = 00.0084) in T3 and T4 as the dose of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. In the same way, the ratio decreased from acetate to propionate (P <0.05) in T3 and T4. A lower PG (P <0.05) was recorded in the T1 and T4 treatments than the other treatments. The kinetics of gas production (PG) (ml / 0.5g MS degraded), recorded a lower PG (P <0.05) in the treatments T1 and T4 than the other treatments. The ammonia production was higher (P = 0.0001) (table 4) in the treatments T3 and T4 with respect to the other treatments. The production of methane (Table 6) (ml / 0.5g MS fermentable) showed (P <0.05) a lower production of methane in the T4 treatment.Item Efecto de la adición de bacillus spp. en ensilaje de maíz (zea mays) sobre la cinética de degradación ruminal in situ y fermentación ruminal in vitro.(2017) Solís Villacrés, Ricardo David; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosThe effect of the addition of Bacillus spp. in maize (Zea mays) stubble silage was evaluated on the in situ ruminal degradation kinetics and ruminal fermentation in vitro according to a completely randomized design with four dose treatments of Bacillus spp. (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml/Kg DM). Determined the content of Dry Matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA) and the Effective Degradation (ED) of DM. In vitro digestibility consisted of incubating the samples with ruminal fluid for 48 h, in situ degradation of MS was performed in 6 male castrated cattle, weighing approximately 450 kg of mestizo breed, with a cannula fistula in the rumen (Bar Diamond, Parma, Idaho, USA). Maintained in zinc roof pens and cement floor, the animals were fed with a diet based on alfalfa fodder, the incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The data obtained were adjusted to the model of Orskov & McDonald (1979) to establish the soluble (a), insoluble but potentially degradable fractions (b), degradation rates in % per hour (c), passage rates (k) 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 (k /% h) and effective degradability (ED). Regarding the degradability of DM, the treatments T3 and T4 showed higher values in the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b) (45% and 44%, respectively). In relation to ruminal degradation of OM, soluble fraction (a) was higher (P = <.0001) in T1 (37%), T2 (39%) and T4 (38%) in relation to T3, the Insoluble fraction but potentially degradable (b) was higher (P = <.0001) in T3 (45%) and T4 (44%). The effective degradation with different passage rates (k) was greater (P> 0.05) in T2 and T4 than in the other treatments. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM did not show differences (P = 0.1372 and P = 0.1169, respectively) between treatments. The ruminal pH in the 4 and 12 hours decreased in treatments T1, T2, T3 compared to T4 (7.11 and 7.36 respectively) post-incubation. Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3) presented statistical differences between treatments at hours 2, 4 and 8 post-incubation sampling, obtaining the highest (P <0.05) NH3 the experiments incubated with the silage treated with the highest dose of Bacillus spp. (T4). In the production of VFAs, propionic acid is higher in treatments T3 and T4 in hours (2, 4) and (2, 4 and 8) respectively.Item Efecto de la adición de Bacillus spp. en ensilaje de maíz (Zea mays) sobre la cinética de degradación ruminal in situ y fermentación ruminal in vitro.(2017) Solís Villacrés, Ricardo David; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosThe effect of the addition of Bacillus spp. in maize (Zea mays) stubble silage was evaluated on the in situ ruminal degradation kinetics and ruminal fermentation in vitro according to a completely randomized design with four dose treatments of Bacillus spp. (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml/Kg DM). Determined the content of Dry Matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA) and the Effective Degradation (ED) of DM. In vitro digestibility consisted of incubating the samples with ruminal fluid for 48 h, in situ degradation of MS was performed in 6 male castrated cattle, weighing approximately 450 kg of mestizo breed, with a cannula fistula in the rumen (Bar Diamond, Parma, Idaho, USA). Maintained in zinc roof pens and cement floor, the animals were fed with a diet based on alfalfa fodder, the incubation times were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The data obtained were adjusted to the model of Orskov & McDonald (1979) to establish the soluble (a), insoluble but potentially degradable fractions (b), degradation rates in % per hour (c), passage rates (k) 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 (k /% h) and effective degradability (ED). Regarding the degradability of DM, the treatments T3 and T4 showed higher values in the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (b) (45% and 44%, respectively). In relation to ruminal degradation of OM, soluble fraction (a) was higher (P = <.0001) in T1 (37%), T2 (39%) and T4 (38%) in relation to T3, the Insoluble fraction but potentially degradable (b) was higher (P = <.0001) in T3 (45%) and T4 (44%). The effective degradation with different passage rates (k) was greater (P> 0.05) in T2 and T4 than in the other treatments. The in vitro digestibility of DM and OM did not show differences (P = 0.1372 and P = 0.1169, respectively) between treatments. The ruminal pH in the 4 and 12 hours decreased in treatments T1, T2, T3 compared to T4 (7.11 and 7.36 respectively) post-incubation. Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3) presented statistical differences between treatments at hours 2, 4 and 8 post-incubation sampling, obtaining the highest (P <0.05) NH3 the experiments incubated with the silage treated with the highest dose of Bacillus spp. (T4). In the production of VFAs, propionic acid is higher in treatments T3 and T4 in hours (2, 4) and (2, 4 and 8) respectively.Item Efecto del consumo de dietas a base de Artocarpus altilis y Theobroma cacao sobre la degradación ruminal de los nutrientes en bovinos(2017) Minda Costa, María Belén; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosAn alternative for the reduction of production costs is the use of agricultural by-products or products that partially replace the grains and that provide the basic nutrients to meet the demands of productivity. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the consumption of Artocarpus altilis and Theobroma cacao on ruminal in situ degradation and ruminal function in vitro. Six bulls, with a rumen fistula (Bar Diamond, Parma, Idaho, USA) of approximately 2 years of age with a mean weight of 350 kg, kept in zinc roof pens, cement floors, with a history of grass, and hay consumption. The animals were randomly assigned according to each treatment: T1: 0% inclusion of Artocarpus altilis and Theobroma cacao. T2; 15% inclusion of Theobroma cacao. T3: 15% inclusion of Artocarpus altilis. Differences were observed in the parameters of in vitro gas production when evaluating the effect of ruminal fluids (inocula: LD1, LD2 and LD3 ruminant liquids from animals consuming three types of diets D1, D2 and D3) and diets (D1; (P <0.0001) accumulated production of gas ml / 0.5g fermentable MS (GV) in all the incubated diets in ruminal fluid LD2. In the parameters of degradation of MS and MO in situ there is a difference between the degradation between diets (D1, D2 and D3, MS P = 0.0027, P = 0.0027, P = 0.0045 and MO, P = 0.0367, P = 0.0173, P = 0.0249, respectively), where an effect was obtained in the comparison (Diet 1 x Diet 2) and (Diet 1 x Diet 2 x Diet 3). In vitro digestibility was observed between ruminal fluids and the in vitro digestibility of OM and DM of the incubated diets (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0041 respectively), as well as the effect of diets (P = 0.0082 and P = 0.0131 respectively). Obtaining the highest digestibility of the diets incubated in the ruminales liquids of the bulls fed diets D1 and D3 (LD1 and LD3). In terms of Ammonia, Volatile Fatty Acids and ruminal pH in situ ammoniacal nitrogen shows differences between treatments at the different sampling times, obtaining the highest (P <0.05) pH and N-NH3 the animals fed diets D2 and D3 respectively. Regarding VFAs, acetic acid is higher (P <0.05) in bulls fed with D2 and D3. Propionic acid was higher (P = 0.0001) in bulls fed D2 and D3 (0 h) and higher (P = 0.0001) in animals fed D1 and D3 (4 h). Key words: in vitro, in situ, digestibility, gas production, degradation, dry matter, organic matter.Item Composición química y cinética de degradación ruminal de forraje verde hidropónico de avena a cuatro tiempos de cosecha(2017) Paillacho De La Cruz, Nelly Rocío; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the harvest age on the nutritional value of hydroponic green oat forage (HGOF). The research was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences of the Technical University of Ambato. The seeds used of oat were of the variety INIAP 82. The planting density was 6.4kg/m2, the chemical fertilization was done covering the nutritional requirements for the cultivation by irrigation water (1L/m2 every 6 h). The experiment was conducted under a completely random design with four treatments (harvest times: T1:8, T2:11, T3:14 and T4:17 days) and six replicates. Were analyzed the following response variables: chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in situ ruminal degradation of nutrients, this test was performed using the nylon bag in the rumen and six bulls of approximately 450±49 kg of live weight. The results show a greater (P=0.0012) MS content in treatments T2(94.56), T3(95.29) and T4(95.28), with respect to OM, FDA, EB did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05). However, NDF and Ash was higher (P<0.05) in treatments T3 and T4 (45.72 y 47.91, 4.46 y 4.91 respectively) in relation to the other treatments respectively. The potential degradation of DM and OM (A+B) did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05), however, in the effective degradation was greater (P<0.005) en T1 y T2. Regarding the degradation potential (A+B) and effective degradation of the NDF and ADF, they did not show differences between treatments evaluated (P>0.05). In vitro digestibility of DM and OM did not show differences between treatments (P>0.05). Under the conditions of this study it can be concluded that harvest times of FVHA for the feeding of ruminants are between 8 and 11 days, as it contains the highest nutrient content and better ruminal degradation parameter.