Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Prevalencia de tricomoniasis en bovinos faenados en el centro de Faenamiento Municipal de Pastaza(2024-10) Zúñiga Araujo, Solange Danniela; Carrillo Álvarez, Israel SalomónBovine trichomoniasis is caused by Tritrichomonas foetus, a protozoan species with wide worldwide distribution, causing a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes infertility, abortion and endometritis, postcoital pyometra or fetal maceration. In the present study, the prevalence of bovine trichomoniasis in cattle slaughtered at the Pastaza municipal slaughterhouse were determined. A total of 361 samples were taken from cattle admitted to the "Pastaza Municipal Slaughterhouse" from January to April 2024 from the Pastaza, Mera and Santa Clara municipalities. From these data, information on the relationship between the prevalence of the disease and the age, sex and origin of the animal was obtained. The study was carried out through simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency and percentages. Additionally, the association of the variables sex, age and place of origin of the cattle with the prevalence of trichomoniasis was established through a Spearman correlation (𝜒 2 ). A general prevalence of trichomoniasis of 2.8% was found in cattle slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pastaza, observed only in cattle from five parishes of the Pastaza canton with a total of 10 positive cases. No association was found between the sex, age group and place of origin of the cattle and the prevalence of trichomoniasis in this study. Given the importance of trichomoniasis, it is recommended to carry out studies using molecular biology to confirm the presence of the parasite in herds in the area.Item Identificación y prevalencia de artrópodos ectoparásitos asociados en caprinos de raza criolla en la provincia de Santa Elena(2024-08) Chico Mayorga, María Fernanda; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelGoat breeding has been gaining strength in recent years in the country. In order to be successful in animal production, many factors must be taken into account. For example, one of them is ectoparasites. This problem can cause diseases and complications in animals and therefore ends in economic losses. Therefore, the research was carried out with the objective of identifying the prevalence of ectoparasites in Creole goats in Río Verde, province of Santa Elena. Ectoparasites were collected from 52 female goats, and then the samples were placed in jars with 70% alcohol to be transported to the laboratory where the identification analysis was carried out using a stereoscope. The result was the presence of the genus Rhipicephalus linnaei, a type of tick not previously described in Ecuador and known to attack the canine species. In addition, in terms of prevalence, it was determined that there is a 15% infestation of ectoparasites in 8 of 52 goats. In conclusion, it is inferred that the genus Rhipicephalus linnaei has evolved looking for larger hosts such as goats and has spread to reach Ecuador.Item Aislamiento, caracterización cultural, morfológica, patogénica e identificación de genes AVR en Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.(2023-12) Sánchez Ortiz, Aldo Martin; Leiva Mora, MichelGray mold caused by Cladosporium fulvum was described by Cooke in 1883, which develops in nightshades, specifically in tomato crops, causing damage from the youngest leaves to the top of the plant. The objective of this research was to "Isolate and characterize culturally, morphologically and pathogenically monosporic isolates of Cladosporium fulvum" obtained from signs of gray mold on Solanum lycopersicum leaves to identify the presence or absence of Avr genes in the cantons of the province of Tungurahua (Ambato, Baños, Cevallos, Mocha, Patate, Pelileo, Píllaro, Tisaleo). For isolation, the leaf printing method was applied in potato dextrose (PDA) culture medium with gentamicin sulfate, to describe the cultural and morphological characteristics, the microculture method was used accompanied by the observation of fungal structures under an optical microscope. of transmitted light. In the pathogenic characterization, the isolates of C. fulvum were activated The conidia were counted in the Neubauer chamber of the differential cultivars previously sown on substrates and the inoculum was applied with a manual sprayer. For amplification, DNA extraction and lyophilization of each of the isolates was carried out prior to development. of conventional PCR with two denaturations at 94°C with different cycles and an annealing at 55°C and 34 cycles with a final extension of 72°C. Obtaining that in the 8 cantons of the province of Tungurahua they all showed olive green colors on the obverse, while on the back it was black, with a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape, lobed edges and in some isolates there was pigmentation and perspiration liquid, the mycelial growth in the colonies was obtained with a length of 5.93 µm, width 2.8 µm, hyphae 5.37 µm and conidiophores 32.97 µm average values. In the pathogenic characterization it was evident that the degree of affectation 1 represented between 1 to 5% of the surface of leaves with signs of C. fulvum, while 2 varied from 6 to 20% in the differential cultivars (Cf0-Cf2- Cf4- Cf5-Cf6), finally in the detection of the presence or absence of genes, the presence of the genes Avr2, Avr4e, Ecp2, Ecp4 and Ecp5 and total absence of the genes Avr4, Avr9 and Ecp1 were observed. Based on the results and the tests carried out, it was possible to create bases for the selection of resistance genes for the production of S. lycopersicum hybrids in the province of Tungurahua.Item Aislamiento, caracterización cultural y morfológica de aislados monospóricos del agente causal del moho gris de la hoja de Solanum lycopersicum L. en la provincia de Tungurahua.(2022-03) Jácome Pilco, Dayana Estefanía; Leiva Mora, MichelThe gray mold of the tomato leaf discovered in England in 1883 is characterized by producing yellow areas on the leaves, observing an olive green color on the underside, which affects the agricultural yield and the quality of the fruits. The objective of this work was to obtain monosporic isolates from tomato leaves with signs of gray mold in order to characterize them culturally and morphologically. For the monosporic isolation, the leaf printing method was obtained and later a modification of the Valmas method was obtained. For the cultural characterization of the colonies of the isolates, the following characteristics were evaluated: color of the front and back of the colonies, elevation, texture, edges, pigmentation and presence or absence of perspiration liquid. For the morphological characterization, the microculture method and observation under the microscope of the diameter of the hyphae, the length of the conidiophores and the length and width of the conidia were obtained. For the first time for Ecuador, 80 isolated monospores will be acquired from 8 cantons of the Tungurahua province (Tisaleo, Baños, Patate, Ambato, Cevallos, Píllaro, Mocha and Pelileo) all presenting olive green colors on the obverse of the colony, while in the reverse was black, in addition a superficial elevation, plush texture and irregular shape appeared. Isolates 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 had lobed borders in their colonies, while 5 showed regular borders. no pigment isolated from the culture medium (PDA), nor was there evidence of transpiration liquid in its colonies. The mycelial growth at 7 days was in a range between 0.50 mm.day -1 to 1.29 mm.day -1 , with the average speed being 0.93 mm.day-1 and at 14 days it reached values which were in the range between 0.95mm.day-1 to 1.46mm.day-1 , with the average velocity being 1.23mm.day-1 .The average diameter of the hyphae of the isolates obtained from C. fulvum showed a lower value of 2 µm, a higher value of 11 µm and an average value of 5.41 µm. In the conidiophores, the smallest size was 9 µm while the largest was 116 µm with an average value of 33.01 µm. The conidia regarding the length had a minimum value of 3 µm and the largest value of 13 µm with an average value of 6 µm, while the width of the conidia showed a minimum value of 1.5 µm and the maximum was 5 µm for an average value of 5 µm.Item Determinación de la variabilidad genética de la región ITS2 en poblaciones de Eotetranychus lewisi (MCGREGOR) en el cultivo de Rubus glaucus Bent (mora)(2021-09) Sánchez Iza, Emma Cecilia; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandáEotetranychus lewisi (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a phytophagous mite able to feed on a wide range of host plant species. Since this mite was recently reported in Ecuador, information on bioecological aspects of the pest is scarce. In this study, the morphological variability evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the genetic variation by genetic distance analysis using the ITS2 region were determined in populations of E. lewisi collected in blackberry plants from different localities from Tungurahua. In this study, blackberry leaves infested with E. lewisi populations were collected from different localities of Tungurahua, Cevallos (C), Quero (Q), Montalvo (M) and Pasa (P), all of these located at different altitude levels. In relation to the genetic study, it was observed that the percentages of the nitrogenous bases in the ITS2 fragment from the different localities show very little variable results. For Adenine, the values coincide with 29.72% for the populations of Cevallos, and 29.91% for Montalvo and Pasa, while the percentage of Cytosine is similar for the four localities (17.06%), likewise there were little variation for Guanine (18.17% for Cevallos; 18.35% for Quero; 18.72% for Montalvo and 18.90% in Pasa. Finally, the percentage of Thymine showed greater variation in Cevallos with 35.05 % with respect to the other populations of Quero (34.86%), Montalvo (34.31%) and Pasa (34.13%). In relation to the nitrogenous bases in the ITS2 fragment there is a greater presence of Thymine followed by Adenine, Guanine and finally Cytosine. On the other hand, the ACP showed that 93.14 and 94.67% of the morphometric variation of E. lewisi in blackberry plants from different locations was explained in 10 components. Of these, the variables that showed greater weight in the first two components were the length of the setae c1, c2, c3, d2, e2, f2 and h3, Sc1, d1, e1, f1 and f2 and in c Regarding the distances between setae, most of the variables were located in the first component (v2- v2, sc1-sc1, c3-c3, d1-d1, d2-d2, e2-e2, f1-f1, h2-h2 and h3-h3).Item Variaciones morfológicas de Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) originadas por Solanum muricatum y Passiflora tripartita(2020-10) Timbila Sillo, Luis Dario; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisThe Tetranychidae includes more than 1,250 species commonly known as spider mites, many of them can become agricultural importance species due to damage to different crops. Morphological identification of Tetranychidae species is difficult due to the limited number of morphological characters that serve in the diagnosis and in addition many of the key characteristics frequently show a wide phenotypic plasticity. In the present study, the effect of the host plant on morphological variations (disposition and length of idiosomal setae (chaetotaxy) in females of T. urticae populations collected in natural plantations of taxo (Passiflora tripartita) and sweet cucumber (Solanum muricatum) was evaluated. In the laboratory, samples were examined under a stereoscopic microscope for morphotype separation. Morphotypes were mounted on slides for microscopic observation using a phase contrast optical microscope for species confirmation, using taxonomic keys. Once the species was confirmed, 20 slides were prepared for the examination of the following morphological characters length of the dorsal (ve, sci, sce, c1, c2, d1, d2, e1, e2, f1, f2, h1, IC1, c3, c4) and ventral (pg, g, h2, h3) setae as well as the distance between them. Additionally, values of length and width of the idiosoma, length of the gnatosoma, morphology of the female genital shield and length and shape of the aedeagus in the male were determined. The morphological analysis of the different populations of T. urticae collected in sweet cucumber and taxo in three localities showed the effect of the host plant on the length and width of the idiosome was found, but there was no effect of the locality. The morphology analysis showed that there are differences in the size of the mite due to the effect of the host plant, the females being significantly larger when feeding on cucumber plants, which could suggest that this species of plant offers better conditions for mite development. The host plant caused differences in the length of the idiosomal setae (sc1, e1, f1, h1 and h2) and in the distance between their bases (sc2, c1, c2, e1, e2, f1, h2) in T urticae females, being greater in specimens collected in sweet cucumber plants, which corresponds to the largest size of the idiosoma, except when the length of h1 and h2 was considered. Based on the results of the morphological analysis, it is recommended to carry out molecular biology studies using specific molecular markers for this species, in order to correlate the findings with studies at the genetic level.Item Caracterización morfológica de las especies de nematodos fitoparásitos asociadas en el cultivo de tomate riñón (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) en la provincia de Cotopaxi cantón Salcedo(2018) Taipe Lema, Jorge Alex; Vásquez Freytez, CarlosThe cultivation of tomato kidney (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) is limited by the effect of pests, diseases. So the current research aims to study the morphology of the genes of nematodes associated with tomato crops in the province of Cotopaxi, during the months of September, October, November and December 2017. The data extracts were made according to the phenological stages of the crop: vegetative development (22-50 days), flowering (51-80 days) and fruiting (81-100 days). By means of the centrifugation - flotation method that is the method of extraction of the nematodes from the soil, they were extracted, then the nematodes present were identified and quantified. The genera found were Cricomenoides, Telotylenchus, Tylenchus, Meloidogyne, Aphelenchus, Globodera, Trichodorus and Nacobbus. In the first stage (vegetative development) they present all genera Cricomenoides, Telotylenchus, Tylenchus, Meloidogyne, Aphelenchus, Globodera, Trichodorus and Nacobbus, in different sampling sites (Salache, Rumipamba and Patain) and in the second and third stages (flowering- fructification) present the same nematodes with the exception of TrichodorusItem Caracterización morfológica de los testículos en bovinos de la raza Brows Swiss de 9 – 24 meses de edad en las parroquias Tena, Puerto Napo y Misahualli, Cantón Tena de la provincia de Napo(2015) Delgado Lozada, Johana Elizabeth; Núñez, PatricioIn the province of Napo, Tena canton, breeding males of the Brown Swiss breed analyzed ages 9 - 24 months in parishes Puerto Napo at a latitude of -0.99629 and longitude of -77.8136, Misahualli at latitude of -0.9885 and longitude -77.804 and Tena, at latitude and longitude -77.8218 -0.9866. Andrological Characteristics was determined, I obtained a result of 50 animals between the aforementioned ages, they were subjected to data collection and assessment of body condition score, scrotal circumference, testicular size and testicular tone parameters that are essential for determining the efficiency of a player. As evidence of correlation of the variables age and testicular size, specimens follow a normal course of growth of the testes in accordance with age and in this way according to international acceptable ranges. Evaluating the performance of scrotal circumference on testicular tone is determined that there is no relationship, which shows that individual variables are based on sire selection. Linking variables testicular tone, testicular size, scrotal circumference and body condition with age, statistical tests have demonstrated significant relationship between age and scrotal circumference following a normal distribution showing that these variables are essential and very important in the selection of breeding males in the area.