Maestría en Química

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Análisis del proceso de remoción de sulfuro por distintos métodos en aguas residuales de la planta de tratamiento Mollepamba de la EP-EMAPA-A
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Pérez Fernández, Paola Cristina; Jordán Hidalgo, Edison Patricio
The Mollepamba wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Public Company EMAPAA presents problems regarding the amount of sulfides contained in the water that is discharged into the Pachanlica river. When analyzing the physicochemical parameters required by the TULSMA regulation, I know that the treatment maintained by the WWTP is not enough because it increases the sulfide load, exceeding the allowed limit (0.5mg / L). As a solution, three different methodologies were analyzed: aeration, advanced oxidation (H2O2) and coagulation (PAC). Each methodology was applied considering different mixing times, concentrations and speed. As results of the experimentation, it is concluded that the aeration technique achieves a sulfide elimination of 12%; oxidation 33% and coagulation 91%. The best option involves the use of the coagulant with a dosage of 150 mg / L and a mixing speed of 300 rpm, conditions that favor the attraction of loads to give rise to sedimentation and removal of the contaminant. The application of the aforementioned treatment reduced the sulfide load from 0.337 to 0.03mg / L, adjusting to the regulations. Finally, the research shows that the applied methodologies do not have a considerable effect on temperature and pH since their variation is minimal.
Aprovechamiento de las propiedades de Oxalis lotoides (Kunth) y sus potenciales usos industriales
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2024) Ortiz Pérez, Tatiana Anabel; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
The use of medicinal plants in Ecuador has shown constant growth, this growth is due to the therapeutic value that plants have according to their composition and active ingredients. These principles are involved in highly relevant biological processes and can be used in various industrial processes to obtain functional products. The aim of the research was to study the antioxidant and bromatological properties of the leaves and stems of Oxalis lotoides (Kunth) and their use in the formulation of an infusion. The plant material was dried at 70° C, ground to obtain a fine powder and the active ingredients were extracted using the Soxhlet method. The extract obtained was concentrated and stored in amber bottles. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method, and the bromatological characteristics were also determined by physical-chemical methods. The results for the ethanolic extract being the OLH treatment (Oxalis Lotoides Leaves) was 24.515 % while for the ethanolic extract of stems being the OLT treatment (Oxalis Lotoides Stems) was 50.193 %. The bromatological analysis showed the following values: humidity OLH = 8.190 % and OLT = 6.181 %; crude protein OLH = 18.2 % and OLT = 4.71 %; total fats OLH = 8.48 % and OLT = 4.44 % ashes OLH = 5.143 % and OLT = 5.766 %; titratable acidity citric acid OLH = 1.658 % and OLT = 0.662 %; pH OLH = 1.74 and OLT = 2.72 and soluble solids OLH = 4.157 % and OLT = 2.90 %. With the ethanolic extracts of leaves and stems, the microencapsulation process was carried out by spray drying with an inlet and outlet temperature of 150 ° C and 80 ° C respectively, with these microencapsulates the aromatic infusions were made which were evaluated by a panel of students using a hedonic scale, it was obtained that the infusion with the best characteristics of flavor, smell, color, appearance and acceptability was the OLH treatment.
Biadsorción de cromo (III) provenientes del pre-tratamiento de residuos acuosos en plantas de curtiembre mediante un biofiltro a base de fibras naturales
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2023) Lagua Chango, Juan Daniel; Silva Yumi, Jorge Efrén
La presente investigación tuvo por objeto evaluar la bioadsorción de cromo (III) proveniente del pretratamiento de residuos acuosos de curtiembre mediante un biofiltro a base de fibras naturales. Se empleó como bioadsorbente hojas de totora (Schoenoplectus californicus) previamente sometidas a activación química mediante la aplicación de KOH al 1% para mejorar la capacidad de adsorción de la fibra. Las aguas residuales fueron tomadas en la Curtiembre Quisapincha, ubicada en la ciudad de Ambato, provincia de Tungurahua. Este tipo de industrias se caracterizan por generar grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales con gran contenido de elementos químicos, entre ellos cromo, el cual puede presentarse en diversos estados de oxidación. El Cr (III) es considerado el curtidor universal de pieles, no presenta movilidad ni toxicidad, pero bajo ciertas condiciones puede oxidarse y convertirse en Cr (VI) el cual es altamente tóxico, carcinogénico y mutagénico, lo expuesto evidencia la importancia de remover el cromo (III) para evitar su posible conversión a cromo (IV) con los riesgos ambientales que ello involucra. Para llevar a cabo la experimentación, las hojas de totora fueron trituradas y tamizadas para preparar muestras de 300 μm, 420 μm y 850 μm. Para la caracterización morfológica antes y después de la activación, se hicieron observaciones a través del microscopio electrónico, lo que permitió verificar en la fibra la presencia de ranuras indicativas de sitios disponibles para adsorción. Se utilizó espectrofotometría infrarroja para determinar los grupos funcionales presentes en la totora, los cuales fueron: O-H, C-H, C=O y C-C. La concentración y el rendimiento del adsorbato se determinaron mediante espectrofotometría de Uv-visible. Los porcentajes de adsorción para el agua colectada en la curtiembre varían entre 59,23% y 73,3%, lo cual permite asegurar que las hojas de totora permiten obtener elevados porcentajes de eliminación de cromo (III) contenidos en aguas de la industria de curtiembres.
Caracterización de plantas amazónicas con actividad antiofídica por análisis químico
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Moreno Ávila, Andrés Sebastián; Salazar Mogollón, Gabriela
The purpose of this research work was aimed to analyze and identify the metabolic compounds present in the species Urospatha sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott (formerly Dracontium), for which the plant species was collected in the Monte Alegre sector of the rural parish of Puerto Misahuallí, belonging to the canton Tena located in the province of Napo at an altitude of 460.6 m.a.s.l. The taxonomic identification of the sample was confirmed in the INABIO Herbarium in the city of Quito. The collected sample was dried, its size was minimized and it was taken to solid-liquid extraction and maceration for several days with different solvents such as: water, methanol, hexane and chloroform. After these processes, the pertinent chemical analyses were carried out, as well as phytochemical screening, which presented a coloration and a precipitate to give a positive result for each of the tests, respectively, following the appropriate methodology. Consequently, quantification was carried out in UV-vis spectrophotometry by means of the Folin-ciocalteu Reagent, giving results expressed as 0.1 mg of Gallic acid measured at 755 nm (Phenolic Compounds) and 0.25 mg of catechin at 510 nm (Flavonoids). Finally, the Uplc-QToF analysis was performed for the compounds with the highest antivenom affinity such as polyphenols and flavonoids, thus obtaining secondary metabolites with their respective spectral information in positive and negative ionization, giving metabolomic groups such as: saponins, alkaloids, anthocyanins, coumarins, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids.
Desarrollo de una membrana a base de fibra de cabuya (furcraea andina) recubierta con nanopartículas de plata y evaluación de su actividad antimicrobiana frente a Staphylococcus aureus y pyogenes
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Logroño Veloz, Mayra Alexandra; Silva Yumi, Jorge Efrén
The advancement of nanotechnology during the last decades has allowed great progress in various fields, including health sciences and the application of green chemistry. The objective of the present work was to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles in solution and supported on a plant membrane of cabuya (Furcraea andina), in turn, to measure their antimicrobial activity. In situ synthesis was carried out by wet chemistry method using common and King mandarin peel extracts as a reducing agent, and the levels of concentration, temperature, and immersion times of the cabuya fibers were evaluated. The colloids were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy providing an average wavelength range between 430 to 450 nm. The optimal concentration of the precursor reagent was 0.0025 M Ag NO3 and as a reducing agent, 5% of the aqueous extract of mandarin peel of the common variety or 3% of the King variety. The characterization of the surface was carried out by means of SEM, EDX and FT-IR microscopy. The process allowed obtaining a material with silver nanoparticles that exhibit antimicrobial activity with medium sensitivity against Staphylococcus aureus and pyogenes.
Determinación de la incidencia de la composición lipídica y bromatológica de la carne de res y cerdo comercializada en la provincia de Tungurahua
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Delgado Ramos, Andrea Verónica; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
Meat is a product in high demand in the Ecuadorian market, providing important nutrients in the human diet, such as protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. However, despite the benefits it provides, some research has limited its consumption due to its high fat content and because it is considered a precursor of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. The objective of this research was to determine the incidence of the bromatological, and lipid composition of beef and pork marketed in the Province of Tungurahua. On analyzing the beef, 74.96 ± 5.97% moisture; 4.03 ± 0.97% ash; 0.99 aw; 6.24 ± 0.45 pH; and 10.70 ± 6.44% total fat were determined. Similarly, the analysis of the pork meat showed a moisture content of 69.50 ± 7.50%; 3.89 ± 1.17% ash; 0.99 in aw; 6.36 ± 0.26 in pH; and 33.15 ± 5.29%. As for the lipid profile, in beef, palmitic acid (37.44%); stearic acid (11.37%); oleic acid (38.95%); palmitoleic acid (2.62%); linoleic acid (7.11%); and linolenic acid (3.57%) were identified. In pork, palmitic acid (32.51%); stearic acid (10.02%); oleic acid (46.60%); palmitoleic acid (2.62%); linoleic acid (8.13%) and linolenic acid (0.64%) were found. Finally, the nutritional quality indexes obtained were saturation index (0.219 for beef and 0.202 for pork) and the atherogenicity index (0.729 for beef and 0.622 for pork). Therefore, the meats analyzed had an acceptable water composition, they are DFD meats, with high ash and lipid content, although they have a high content of FAs, they also report an important composition of FAp.
Diseño de un sistema de recuperación de fibra celulósica a partir de corrientes de desperdicio, generadas en la elaboración de papel tissue, en la línea de producción número cinco de Grupo Familia, planta Lasso, Ecuador
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2023) Pilco Toscano, Miguel Angel; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
Los procesos industriales son una de las fuentes más representativas en el aspecto de la contaminación ambiental, por ello cada vez se desarrollan más compromisos medioambientales procurando reducir o reutilizar los residuos generados en estos procesos. Ligado a esta última mención, la presente investigación, busca diseñar un sistema de recuperación de fibra celulósica a partir de cuatro corrientes de desperdicio, las cuales son rechazo de proceso de limpieza a baja consistencia (rechazo screen), filtrado de tornillos y tambores espesadores (filtrado espesadores), lodos generados en el proceso de destintado (rechazo destintado) y filtrado del proceso de formación de papel (agua blanca máquina), para ello nos hemos enfocado en dos ejes principales. En primer lugar, se evaluó el comportamiento electrocinético de estos residuos, analizando su potencial zeta y demanda de carga iónica, los mismos que fueron comparados con los datos obtenidos de los análisis de pulpa de celulosa que se utilizan para el proceso de elaboración de papel. Mediante el respectivo análisis estadístico de medias muestrales, se definió las corrientes de desperdicio que mejor se adaptan a este proceso, con valores de potencial zeta promedio de -18mV y demanda de carga de -168μeq/L. El otro enfoque estuvo ligado a la evaluación de la cantidad de fibra útil a recuperarse, en este caso se tomó en cuenta dos variables importantes, la consistencia o concentración de fibra presente en las muestras y la cantidad de cenizas de las mismas. Con estos datos se desarrolló el respectivo balance de masa para definir la corriente de desperdicio que presentaba mayor rédito de recuperación para su posterior diseño, en este caso se observa que existe un flujo másico posible de recuperación de 19,44 T/día con la corriente de filtrado de espesadores, siendo este el valor más alto. Finalmente, con todos los datos obtenidos y su respectivo análisis, se definió la corriente de desperdicio que se adapta de mejor manera al proceso; en base al objetivo del estudio se procedió con el diseño del sistema de recuperación constando de un sistema de bombeo y un equipo recuperador de fibra.
Efecto de las causas antropogénicas en la eutrofización en las hidroeléctricas de Agoyán y Pisayambo
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Muyón Rivera, Carlos Andrés; Álvarez Calvache, Fernando Cayetano
In the present work we studied the relationship between anthropogenic sources and eutrophication in the reservoirs of the Agoyán and Pisayambo hydroelectric plants and their influence on biomass biodegradation and nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes. For this purpose, field sampling and laboratory analysis were carried out to establish the geographic, geophysical and biochemical aspects of the reservoirs, with the objective of establishing the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in order to estimate the influence of anthropogenic sources in the Agoyán and Pisayambo reservoirs. The zones where both reservoirs are located were evaluated to determine possible anthropogenic sources that influence the eutrophication process. Samples were taken in the littoral zone and in the deepest zone of the reservoirs to characterize the main parameters that influence biodegradation in the reservoirs within the water-sediment zone (NO3-, PO43-, chlorophyll, % of organic matter, pH, temperature, conductivity). The results found in this study indicate that the phosphate flows in the reservoirs reported values of 0.4838 mg/L in the Pisayambo reservoir and 0.4988 mg/L in the Agoyán reservoir, these values are outside the permissible limits. The nitrogen content in the Agoyán and Pisayambo reservoirs is not preponderant and has average values of 0.238 mg/L and 0.200 mg/L, respectively. The statistical analysis using Levene's test showed that there is a significant relationship between phytoplankton production and the fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in the Agoyán and Pisayambo Hydroelectric plants. Finally, the influence of anthropogenic sources on the degree of eutrophication in the zones of influence of the Agoyán and Pisayambo hydroelectric plants was established.
Efecto de la temperatura y el número de frituras sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de diferentes aceites comestibles
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2022) Villacrés Pérez, Mario Danilo; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
Nowadays, frying is a common method to prepare foods such as French fries, snacks, among others; where the use of vegetable oils is indispensable, since they act as a means of heat transfer to the food at temperatures between 150°C and 200°C, in which the different factors of this process, added to the characteristics of the oils themselves can cause transformations of the lipids that make them up, giving rise to toxic compounds, typical of mechanisms such as oxidation and hydrolysis, which can negatively affect the health of the consumer. Because of this, it was proposed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, the effect of frying temperature on acidity, and the fatty acid profile at different temperatures and number of fryings of three edible oils of vegetable origin: Soybean (Glycine max), Chia (Salvia hispanica) and Sesame (Sesamum indicum L; for which 21 oil samples were obtained: 18 samples from 3 frying processes of potato (free potato variety) (stick form), at temperatures of 150 and 180°C; and 3 samples of the crude oils. These samples were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics before and after the frying processes, resulting in the best treatment in terms of the lowest refractive index and peroxide value for the soybean oil at 180°C, with averages of 1.47053 and 2.54667, respectively. Similarly, the acidity changes presented by the oils at frying temperature conditions were determined, obtaining the best treatment for soybean oil at 150°C, with an acid index value of 0.11. Finally, the determination of the fatty acid profile of each oil after the treatments of # of frying and frying temperatures, gave the best treatment, in terms of a higher % of polyunsaturated fatty acids for the Chia oil with an average value of 50%, demonstrating also that the factors # of frying and temperatures affect the acid profile of the oils for the conditions of this study.
Efecto de las actividades antrópicas sobre las características fisicoquímicas del rio Ambato
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Garcés Alvear, María Fernanda; Pérez Aldaz, Lander Vinicio
The objective of the research is to determine the effect of anthropic activities on the physicochemical characteristics of the Ambato River, through quality parameters that allow estimating the level of contamination of the river, for this a sampling network and monitoring plan were established in two phases, carried out in 2020 and 2021, taking 10 monitoring points along the micro-basin of the river, starting with the Marcopamba sector (high slope area) to the Viñas sector (low slope area). The evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics was carried out under standard methods, considering the maximum permissible limits of the Environmental Quality Regulation (TULSMA), in turn, the contamination was evaluated through the NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) and finally the data were correlated by means of an Anova statistical analysis. The results of the measurements of physicochemical parameters were found above the permissible limit, highlighting the highest values in dissolved oxygen (8,4 and 7,6 mg/L), turbidity (118 and 193 NTU), phosphates (2,1 and 0,9 mg/L), color (94 and 144), suspended solids (284 and 958 mg/L), heavy metals such as cadmium (> 0.02 mg/L), nickel (> 2 mg/L), lead (7,4 and 6,5 mg/L), magnesium (> 2 mg/L). From the foregoing, a regular and poor water quality was estimated in the different sampled areas, most affected by different anthropic factors, mainly domestic and industrial water discharges. Finally, this made it possible to indicate a progressive deterioration of the Ambato River in an annual period, in addition to suggesting constant evaluations of the quality of the water resource. waters.
Elaboración de un microencapsulado de vitamina E (D-alfa tocoferol), vitamina C (ácido ascórbico) y vitamina B2 (riboflavina) mediante secado por aspersión
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2024-05) Navas Enríquez, Vanessa Alexandra; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
At a global level, processed foods have continued to grow in the face of demand and, on the other hand, nutrition has decreased because, despite the vitamin addition to these products, poor handling causes the vitamins to be lost, for this reason, Methods are sought to improve the stability of nutrients, one of the techniques for this is microencapsulation, which is a viable option for minerals, flavors, aromas and vitamins. The purpose of this research was to prepare a microencapsulate of vitamin E (D-alpha Tocopherol), C (ascorbic acid) and B2 (riboflavin) by spray drying. Maltodextrin and gum arabic are used for the wall materials, the pure vitamins used. . were commercial, where maltodextrin-gum arabic ratios were studied (25%-75%, 50%-50%, 75%-25%) respectively for the polymer matrix, the vitamin E load was also evaluated 10% and 20%. , vitamin C 1.5 g -3 g and vitamin B2 0.16 g and 0.32 g. The effectiveness of microencapsulation was analyzed qualitatively by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and quantitatively by determining the amount of microencapsulated vitamin E. The melting peak was compared to semiquantitatively determine the microencapsulation efficiency as well as the crystallinity of ascorbic acid by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), comparing the microencapsulation with vitamin C where it was demonstrated that there is an 89.95% microencapsulation efficiency. . The results showed that a microencapsulate was formed in all treatments, however, the best treatment was number 6, which contained 10% vitamin E and 22.5%-67.5% maltodextrin and gum arabic respectively, which coincides with the statistical optimization analysis obtaining a vitamin E microencapsulation efficiency of 93.12%.
Estudio a nivel de laboratorio de retención de mercaptanos generados por la descomposición de residuos sólidos urbanos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2023) Chaglla Cango, Maritza Tatiana; Montero Calderón, Carolina del Rocío
Los contaminantes en el aire y las emisiones de olores generados por la descomposición de los residuos sólidos en los rellenos sanitarios afectan negativamente a la salud humana y al bienestar social. Por lo tanto, es necesario controlar y regular estos gases odoríficos. La propagación de olores causa quejas públicas por parte de la población sobre la calidad del aire. El propósito del presente estudio es evaluar la retención de mercaptanos en la descomposición de residuos sólidos urbanos con la cuantificación de la concentración de los compuestos químicos relacionados con el olor, y analizar el efecto de la superación de los límites permisibles de esto contaminantes. El estudio se realizó en el laboratorio de la Unidad Educativa del milenio Amazonas (UEMA) en la ciudad del Orellana, con la ayuda del monitor Multigas IBRID MX6, instrumento 130935W-001, con sensor de fotoionización (PID) calibrado se tomaron muestras continuas (mañana, medio día y noche) durante un periodo de 4 horas por día, este proceso se lo repitió en tres días. Los datos se procesaron en el programa estadístico SPSS versión 29.00 y finalmente se realizó la prueba no paramétrica de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para cada compuesto químico con la finalidad de conocer su distribución normal. Los resultados muestran que la concentración de metil mercaptano y ter butil mercaptano la suma total de la dosis es de 4,377 ppm lo cual se encuentra en un riesgo crítico nivel de control según la INSHT: NTP 108. Mientras que, aplicando la geomembrana HDPE de 500 micras la suma total de la dosis es de 0,696 ppm que según la INSHT: NTP 108 se encuentra en un riesgo medio nivel de acción. Por lo tanto, se concluye que el metil mercaptano y ter butil mercaptano sin la geomembrana superan el valor propuesto del TLV-TWA. Mientras que, el metil mercaptano y ter butil mercaptano con la geomembrana el resultado fue efectivo ya que la concentración fue menor. El hallazgo puede ayudar a mejorar la protección del medio ambiente y la calidad de aire de los trabajadores y la comunidad
Estudio cinético y termodinámico de la adsorción de sulfanilamida sobre alofán sintético
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Segovia Tello, Lissette Alejandra; Silva Yumi, Jorge Efrén
The presence of emerging compounds, mainly antibiotics, in surface water, groundwater, drinking water and wastewater is the result of continuous incorporation through different anthropogenic activities, the inability of the treatment process in water systems for human consumption and inadequate final disposal. The identification of these compounds has raised environmental concern due to the potential risk they cause, since antibiotics, because of their physicochemical characteristics, are difficult to remove and therefore accumulate in their original form or metabolites, generating problems of aquatic ecotoxicity, negative effects on biota and human health. An alternative for the removal of these compounds is adsorption, which is a fast, economical method that does not generate toxic by-products and is carried out with solid adsorbent materials such as allophane, zeolite, activated carbon, among others. In the present work, the adsorption capacity of sulfanilamide on synthetic allophane was determined through the batch adsorption method and fixedbed column chromatography, where correlations between sulfanilamide concentrations, allophane doses and pH were performed. Synthetic allophane nanoparticles with an average diameter of 40.35 nm were obtained through the coprecipitation method using sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3) salts, characterization was performed by Uv-vis spectroscopy, IR and SEM. Adsorption studies performed by batch system and quantified by UV-vis spectroscopy determined that from 8 mg L -1 of sulfanilamide at pH 7 and 13 a maximum adsorption of 2.11% and 2.82% respectively, with 5 mg of allophane and at slightly acidic pH 5.6 a maximum adsorption of 4.43% is given with 100 mg of allophane and by the fixed bed column method at pH 5.6 a 15% adsorption was generated with 1000 mg of allophane.
Estudio de la adsorción de azul de metileno mediante el (Schoenoplectus californicus) a través de una columna de lecho fijo
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2023) Estrada Aroca, Angy Lisbeth; Silva Yumi, Jorge Efrén
La totora (Schoenoplectus californicus), es una planta acuática que se encuentra en humedales y lagunas, y que se ha destacado como material adsorbente eficaz. En este trabajo se evaluó el comportamiento de la totora como adsorbente mediante el uso del modelo matemático de Thomas y se comparó con otros bioadsorbentes, como la cáscara de arroz, la tripa de brotes de Palmira y los brotes de bambú, para la eliminación del azul de metileno, un tinte textil muy utilizado que es perjudicial para el medio ambiente y la salud humana. Los experimentos de adsorción en columnas de lecho fijo utilizando totora como adsorbente y la espectroscopía UV-VIS revelaron una elevada capacidad de adsorción en presencia de azul de metileno. La estructura fibrosa y porosa de la totora proporciona una gran superficie y múltiples sitios de adsorción, que facilitan la interacción con el colorante y su eliminación del agua. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, a medida que aumenta la concentración inicial de azul de metileno, también aumenta la capacidad de adsorción. La aplicación del modelo de Thomas para ajustar los datos experimentales mostró una correlación superior al 96.75%, lo que valida la capacidad del modelo para describir la adsorción de azul de metileno por la totora. Este material natural y renovable ofrece ventajas adicionales, como su amplia disponibilidad, lo que contribuye a su viabilidad económica y sostenibilidad para aplicaciones a gran escala.
Estudio de la influencia de contaminantes antropogénicas en las características fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del agua de riego del canal Ambato - Huachi – Pelileo, en la provincia de Tungurahua.
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2023) Almachi Quinatoa, Edwin Rolando; Pérez Aldas, Lander Vinicio
El canal de riego Ambato Huachi - Pelileo es altamente reconocido como uno de los sistemas de riego más prominentes en la provincia de Tungurahua. Su alcance abarca a más de 14,000 usuarios, cuyo principal enfoque son las actividades agrícolas. La fuente de agua para este canal proviene del río Ambato, situado a una altitud de aproximadamente 2940 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Con una extensión de 45 km, este sistema de riego atraviesa tres cantones importantes en la provincia: Ambato, Cevallos y Pelileo. Frente a los resultados obtenidos, la presencia de coliformes totales de los dos efluentes de agua estudiados, presentar niveles por encima del límite máximo según las legislaciones internacionales y ecuatoriana, tal como Health and Ecological Criteria Division y la Agencian de Protección de Estados Unidos (EPA), fue establecido un límite de 2 UFC/mL. El objetivo es estudiar la influencia de contaminantes antropogénicos presentes en el agua de riego y uso doméstico del canal Ambato- Huachi-Pelileo, mediante la realización de un muestreo representativo y la aplicación de métodos de análisis de laboratorio estandarizados, para la evaluación del impacto de los contaminantes en la calidad del agua y en las características tanto fisicoquímicas como microbiológicas. La evidente contaminación se ve influenciada por la falta de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, temperaturas ambientales que contribuyen a la proliferación de bacterias en las aguas superficiales, siendo los puntos 2, 4 y 8 aptas para el consumo al ser inferiores a los estándares, mientas que las muestras 3, 5 y 10 en el canal de riego fueron los únicos que están por debajo de lo permitido. Mediante los resultados obtenidos de los análisis que se realizó al canal de riego Ambato Huachi- Pelileo, en la actualidad presenta una alta contaminación con coliformes fecales en este canal hace que se torne como un punto de riesgo para la salud, la presencia de estos microorganismos, los valores de ICA indican que un tratamiento para la reducción de contaminantes es urgente para mejorar la calidad del agua y del personal que lo consumen.
Estudio de la variación de presión de vapor en mezclas de alcoholes y análisis de pasivación por efecto de aditivos
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2023) Arias Orejuela, Héctor Manuel; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
Este estudio se lo realizó en la Refinería de Esmeraldas, dentro del Laboratorio Químico, con el propósito de evaluar la variación de presión de vapor en mezclas de alcoholes y análisis de pasivación por efecto de aditivos en procesos de formulación de combustibles en la industria petroquímica. El diseño metodológico que se utilizó fue de tipo cuantitativo, y a través de él se realizaron los diversos análisis químicos enfocados al variado comportamiento de la presión de vapor en mezclas de alcoholes y a su vez, analizar la pasivación por efecto de aditivos. En el estudio de campo, se ejerció los respectivos análisis químicos, utilizando diversos equipos e instrumentos, tales como: Equipo para la medición de presión de vapor aplicando la normativa ASTM D5191-19, equipo para el análisis del número de octanaje (RON) utilizando la normativa estándar ASTM D2699-21, asimismo, el equipo para analizar el efecto de pasivación, mediante la espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), afianzándose en la metodología ASTM D5845. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación se pudo observar que en la mezcla de gasolina extra con ISOPROPANOL, se obtuvo una presión de vapor 47,63 Kpa, en donde se decremento la presión de vapor a medida que coloca mayor concentración de ISOPROPANOL, y asimismo se genera un octanaje RON de 90,38, para incrementar la potencia y mejorar el rendimiento del motor, produciendo un ascenso escalonado del octanaje de algunos alcoholes; por otra parte, se realizaron los ensayos químicos de gasolina extra con butanol e isopropanol y se pudo obtener una presión de vapor promedio de una presión de vapor de 46.83 Kpa misma que permite una mejor optimización en el proceso de combustión y minimice las emisiones de carbono y de igual manera se evidencio un octano RON de 93,99, permitiendo potencializar el rendimiento del motor. Asimismo, en la mezcla de gasolina extra con el alcohol isoamílico, se pudo obtener la mayor presión de vapor de 46.20 Kpa, mejorando el proceso de combustión, estabilizando las propiedades del combustible con gasolina extra, generando un alto octanaje que sobrepasa a todos los alcoholes participantes en el estudio, reflejando un octanaje de 96.48 RON mejorando exponencialmente el rendimiento del motor y del combustible.
Estudio de los procesos de degradación y transformación del material vegetal en los embalses hidroeléctricos de Agoyán y Pisayambo que generan metano (CH4) y dióxido de carbono (CO2)
(2021) Sánchez Moreno, Hugo Javier; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
In the present project, the study of the degradation and transformation processes of plant material in the hydroelectric reservoirs of Agoyán and Pisayambo that generate methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated. Field sampling and laboratory analysis were carried out to establish the geographical, geophysical and biochemical aspects of the reservoirs, with the aim of establishing the gas flows of interest (methane and carbon dioxide) and determining the correct methodology by applying mathematical models. Three methods were used for the estimation of methane and carbon dioxide gases in the mentioned reservoirs, the first is by on-site determination using a personal PID gas monitor (RKI-GX-6000) with the help of a floating static chamber, the second The method included the application of an IPCC mathematical model using the organic matter obtained from the sediment of the reservoirs as a variable, and the third technique is through a simple modeling by direct estimation using the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as a variable. In addition, a significant regression equation for methane emissions was found in order to contribute in the long term to the Agoyán and Pisayambo Hydroelectric Plants. The results found in this study indicate that the methane emissions generated in the Agoyán and Pisayambo reservoirs report a maximum value of 3,0 × 10 tons / year respectively, while carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere report values of 136 and 239 tons / year, indicating that in the Pisayambo reservoir there is more pollution than in the Agoyán reservoir due to emissions of methane and carbon dioxide. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed using Levene's test to assess normality and equality of variances, and the results were confirmed using Tukey's test.
Evaluación de la biomasa residual agrícola de los cultivos de papa (Solanum tuberosum), maíz (Zea mays) y tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum) como recurso energético renovable en la Provincia de Tungurahua
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) López Villacis, Isabel Cristina; Pérez Aldás, Lander Vinicio
At present, the generation of renewable energy has become a great tool of the first order for the sustainable development of our society, the use of agricultural biomass stands out as a respectful and friendly process with the environment. Worldwide, a great variety of forest, agricultural residues are generated: this situation opens up a great possibility for the use of these residues in the form of biomass and reinforces the need to evaluate and analyze each of these resources both materially and energetically. The objective of this research work is to energetically evaluate the agricultural residual biomass of potato (Solanum tuberosum), corn (Zea mays), and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) crops as a renewable resource in the Province of Tungurahua. As a first step, a prospection of the crops with the greatest relevance in terms of the biomass residues generated was established. The project provided a database in which its energy characteristics were analyzed for each crop: calorific value, amount of biomass to calculate the energy potential, and a proximal analysis was also carried out (humidity, ash, volatile compounds and fixed carbon). The type research used was experimental, a field and laboratory work were carried out, where each test was out in triplicate. This project is considered as an initiative to obtain clean energy and in this way to obtain additional income for farmers who, in addition to marketing their products, can obtain additional income from the agricultural residues generated in their crops, especially from potato, corn and tomato crops of trees considered as the crops with the highest production in Tungurahua.
Evaluación de la cinética de adsorción de fluoruro de agua natural mediante un lecho fluidizado de hidroxiapatita de calcio
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Tirado Poveda, Hugo Marcelo; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A fluidized bed with calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) has been designed to reduce the concentration of fluorides in the natural water of the Totoras sector where fluoride concentrations in natural water exceed on average 3 mg/L F-, through the principle of ion exchange, the kinetics of fluoride adsorption on the solid matrix of commercial PAH was determined following an experimental design 2 at k=3, where by means of the response optimization analysis, the best treatment conditions were identified with a result of 0,83 ± 0, 02 mg/L F- of adsorbate in solution, after three days of treatment with a PAH load of 70 percent or 63 kg at a constant water flow of 2 L/min, indicating a maximum removal efficiency of 75.77 perecent, for which this treatment was adjusted to the linear model of the Langmuir Isotherm to be able to scale up the process to higher flow rates, For this purpose, the linear parameters of the Langmuir model were obtained with values of qmax of 1.15 mg of adsorbate per kg of adsorbent for a binding factor K of 2,76 liters of solution per kilogram of adsorbent.
Evaluación de la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite de chía (salvia hispanica l.) Obtenido por prensado a diferentes concentraciones de a-tocoferol como antioxidante
(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas, Electrónica e Industrial. Maestría en Química, 2021) Guayta Guaita, Irma Janeth; Briceño Carrasquel, Jorge Alexander
Chia oil has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3); a characteristic highly valued for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; the presence of these fatty acids causes a high chemical reactivity, so it is prone to oxidative transformations and isomerization; oxidative rancidity is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids, resulting in the loss of its nutritional value and shelf life of the oil. For this purpose, it was proposed to evaluate the oxidative stability of chia oil obtained by cold pressing at different concentrations of αtocopherol; to determine the oxidative stability of chia oil, 5 samples were prepared, TC 0% of Vitamin E and the T1, T2, T3, T4 with 0,025 %, 0,05%, 0,075 % and 0,10% of antioxidant respectively; demonstrating in the present study that T2 with 0,05% antioxidant is the best treatment to prolong the shelf life of chia oil, obtaining an estimated 264,395 days for its conservation and commercialization; Subsequently, the oil was stored at room temperature (15°C) for 15 months, after which time the fatty acids of the oil were quantified with 0,05% of alpha-tocopherol, obtaining as a result (17,71±0,07) % of linoleic acid and (65,03±0,19) % of linolenic acid and finally the physical-chemical tests were carried out, such as the percentage of humidity with (0,176±0,004) %, pH with (3,883±0,015) %, acidity indexes with (0,465±0,005) % and peroxide with (5,543±0,004) %; thus acquiring a product of excellent quality and suitable for human consumption.