Ciencias de la Salud
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Item EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIBIOFILM DE ACEITES ESENCIALES FRENTE A CEPAS ATCC BACTERIANAS(2025-02-24) Maldonado Freire, Sofía Antonella; Vicalcundo Córdova, Mario Fernando; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoThe increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms and the formation of biofilms as a pathogenicity mechanism represent serious challenges to public health, increasing morbidity and mortality in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). To address this issue, the present study evaluated the antibiofilm activity of essential oils from Rosmarinus officinalis, Cymbopogon citratus, and Anethum graveolens against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The results showed that the essential oils significantly inhibited biofilm formation, achieving efficacy rates of up to 99.74% in S. aureus, 92.34% in E. coli, and limited activity against P. aeruginosa, which exhibited greater resistance due to its complex cellular structure. Notably, C. citratus proved to be the most effective against all strains analyzed, followed by A. graveolens and R. officinalis. These findings highlight the potential of ethanolic extracts as antibiofilm agents by interfering with initial bacterial adhesion and quorum sensing communication systems. Therefore, this research reinforces the therapeutic value of essential oils as a promising alternative to combat antimicrobial resistance, providing a scientific basis for future vivo applications.Item CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ESCHERICHIA COLI BLEE Y SALMONELLA SP. EN TRABAJADORES DE GRANJAS AVÍCOLAS DE LA ZONA 3(2025-02-24) Escudero Heredia Steeven Patricio; Jaramillo Ruales, Evelyn Katherine; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoThe indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farms promotes the emergence of resistant bacteria, such as ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp., throughout the poultry production chain, posing a significant public health risk due to their potential for zoonotic transmission. This research project aimed to characterize ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. strains in poultry farm workers in Zone 3 from September 2024 to February 2025, through a descriptive crosssectional observational study. A total of 128 samples, including fecal and hand swabs from 64 workers, were analyzed. The results indicated an absence of Salmonella sp. colonization and a high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli (56%). The susceptibility profile showed low hydrolysis capacity for ceftazidime, moderate resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, and sensitivity to carbapenems. Furthermore, a predominance of the blaCTX-M gene (69%) was observed, along with a specific combination of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes (25%), with no microorganisms carrying the blaSHV gene. Despite the high prevalence of colonization, it is not directly attributed to occupational practices in poultry farms, as it involves asymptomatic carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli. This phenomenon suggests shared reservoirs in which humans act as a link between bacteria and animals. Additionally, due to direct contact with poultry and the use of drugs throughout the food production chain intended for human consumption, there is a continuous dynamic of spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria.Item Fase analítica en el diagnóstico de infecciones del tracto urinario en el laboratorio de microbiología del hospital general IESS Ibarra(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud/Centro de posgrados, 2024-09-01) Andrade Cadena, Cesar David Licenciado; Jaramillo Ruales, Evelyn Katherine Bioquímica Clínica Magister.Las infecciones del tracto urinario son consideradas a nivel mundial como la tercera causa más común de infecciones después del tracto respiratorio, por lo cual es de suma importancia utilizar las herramientas diagnosticas como el Elemental y microscópico de orina (EMO) y el urocultivo debiendo existir correlación entre ellos y así obtener un diagnóstico acertado y oportuno para una terapia antimicrobiana apropiada, optimizando tiempo y recurso humano en el laboratorio y hospital. Evaluar el cumplimiento de la fase analítica en el diagnóstico de Infecciones del Tracto Urinario en el Laboratorio de microbiología del Hospital general IESS Ibarra. Se realizó un estudio del tipo transversal, descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo con un enfoque mixto, aplicando una lista de chequeo para valorar el cumplimiento de la fase analítica. El proceso y posterior análisis del examen químico en el equipo (Urit-1600) y examen microscópico equipo (Urit-1280), para el procesamiento del urocultivo, se realizó la siembra mediante asa calibrada de 0.00, la identificación y prueba de sensibilidad en el equipo PHOENIX M50. Se analizaron un total de 204 muestras de orina, de las cuales se analizó la lista de chequeo de los procedimientos internos establecidos en la institución tanto del EMO y urocultivo del análisis de cada muestra, obteniendo como resultado que no existe relación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables medidas y el resultado de urocultivo, con respecto al aislamiento de patógenos que se encontraron en el estudio y fueron identificados se obtuvo en gran porcentaje Escherichia coli como el primer germen causante de ITU con un 57%, mientras que en segundo lugar con 12% se encuentran las muestras con poli microbiota que se les interpreta como contaminación de la muestra de orina, mientras que en cuarto y quinto lugar encontramos a bacterias de suma importancia hospitalaria como lo son: Klebsiella pneumoniae y Enterobacter cloacae obteniendo un porcentaje de 7%, y no menos importantes otros patógenos Enterobacteriales con un 17%. Para la correlación del EMO y el urocultivo se realizó una prueba de correlación Pearson demostrando que las bacterias poseen una fuerte relación con el urocultivo, mientras que para la prueba de Regresión logística binomial se obtuvo un valor de 86.3% de acierto en predicción de resultados negativos y resultados positivos frente al urocultivo, a diferencia de una correlación moderada entre piocitos y urocultivo, el valor predictivo fue de 77.5% siendo buen predictor de resultados negativos pero menos preciso con los resultados positivos de urocultivo, tomando en cuenta que la predicción de los xi piocitos mejoraría asociándose conjuntamente con bacterias. En tanto que para las células escamosas se obtuvo una correlación nula frente al urocultivo demostrando la existencia de contaminación en la toma de muestra. Con estos resultados se podrá considerar criterios de exclusión para la siembra del urocultivo sugiriendo modificar e implementar los procedimientos internos de urocultivos. La evaluación de la fase analítica determino que no existe relación de las variables que no cumplieron con el procedimiento de análisis del EMO y del urocultivo, mostrando que no influyen en el resultado final del examen tanto de EMO y urocultivo. Se identificaron diferentes agentes patógenos, siendo el más prevalente E. coli, Se determino la correlación entre el EMO y el urocultivo demostrando que la bacteriuria y la piuria en el EMO ayuda al pronóstico del crecimiento bacteriano en el urocultivo, se presentó la modificación al procedimiento de urocultivos y el procedimiento de recepción y rechazo de muestras.Item CARACTERIZACIÓN FENOTÍPICAS DE BETALACTAMASAS DE TIPO AMPC EN ESCHERICHIA COLI AISLADAS EN INFECCIONES DEL TRACTO URINARIO EN PACIENTES DEL LABORATORIO CLÍNICO BACTERIOLÓGICO MEDIN–LAB(Universidad Técnica de Ambato / Facultad de Ciencias de Salud / Centro de Posgrados, 2024-09-03) Analuisa Tubon, Alonso Vladimir; Valenzuela Sánchez, Gabriela PaolaAmpC-type beta-lactamases, enzymes that confer resistance to a variety of β-lactam antibiotics, have shown an increase in prevalence, particularly in pathogens responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs), such as Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global public health, as it complicates the treatment of common infections and increases the risk of disease spread. The rising resistance of bacteria to antibiotic treatments is associated not only with clinical challenges but also with considerable social and economic consequences. Limiting the spread of resistant microorganisms and reducing associated morbidity is crucial to preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics and preventing public health crises. Research has primarily focused on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, complicating the establishment of routine reporting protocols in clinical laboratories, making it essential to consider the clinical and epidemiological significance of AmpC betalactamases. The methodology included the identification of Escherichia coli in patients with UTIs and the detection of AmpC beta-lactamases using the disk approximation method. Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified microorganism in UTIs, accounting for 47.61% of the infections in the study. Most patients were female (97.5%), and the most affected age group was 18 to 35 years (36.25%). Thirteen strains were identified as AmpC-positive (16.25%), with most affected being adult women. The positive strains showed resistance to cefoxitin (16.25%), cefotaxime (16.25%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (16.25%). Additionally, the protocol developed for the phenotypic identification of AmpC betalactamases was outlined in a flowchart for laboratory application, enabling control of resistance mechanisms through phenotypic identification methods. These findings underscore the importance of considering bacterial resistance when prescribing antibiotics, especially in cases of UTIs, and highlight the need for prudent antibiotic use to combat emerging resistance.Item CARACTERIZACIÓN DE BACILOS GRAM NEGATIVOS EN INFECCIONES DEL TRACTO URINARIO DE PACIENTES DE UN LABORATORIO DE LA CIUDAD DE AMBATO(Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, 2024-08-05) Cullpa Moposita, Kerly Nayeli; Jaramillo Ruales, Evelyn KatherineUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are typically caused by the invasion and proliferation of uropathogens in the urinary tract. They are the second most common infections in both hospital and community settings, with the female gender being more predisposed to developing these UTIs. Escherichia coli is the primary microorganism in 60-80% of cases, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. These Gram-negative bacilli have develop e d various resistance mechanisms, with the production of beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBL) being the main one. This research aimed to characterize Gram-negative bacilli in urinary tract infections of patients from a laboratory in the city of Ambato during the period from March to August 2024. Through an observational and cross-sectional study, 26 urine samples were isolated. of patients with UTI who attended the UTA-LABB laboratory of the Techni c a l University of Ambato, a microscopic and elemental examination of the urine was performed, followed by a urine culture for confirmation. The identification and susceptibility profile of the uropathogens were performed manually using biochemi c a l tests and with the automated VITEK® 2 equipment. Finally, in the isolates that present e d ESBL resistance, a lateral flow immunoassay was conducted. As a result, Escherichia coli (22/26 cases) was identified as the main etiological agent present in community patient isolates, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (4/26 cases), both showing resistance to Cephalothin. Three cases of ESBL resistance were found, two in Escherichia coli and one in Klebsiella pneumoniae.It was concluded that Escherichia coli remains the principal cause of these UTIs and that the female gender is more predisposed to these infections. Additionally, it was identif i e d that locally, Fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin continue to be the antibiotics of choice for empirical treatment. Finally, it was established that self-medication is one of the main factors that lead to the generation of these UTIs and, at the same time, that these bacter i a create resistance mechanisms.