Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Factores de riesgos asociados a la prevalencia de enteroparásitos e histoparásitos en suinos faenados en el camal de Baños de Agua Santa(2024-11) Nasamuez Muñoz Cinthya Dayanara; Núñez Torres Oscar PatricioThe present study focuses on the need to determine the risk factors associated to the prevalence of enteroparasites and histoparasites in pigs slaughtered in the Camal Municipal de Baños de Agua Santa, since the presence of parasites is the cause of various diseases in said animals affecting to the quality of the meat. The post-mortem inspection of the gastrointestinal tract and muscle tissues was carried out in order to evaluate the presence or absence of parasitosis, for which there was a population of 1012 pigs that were slaughtered in the slaughterhouse, then descriptive statistics were used considering the frequency, histograms, using SPSS software. When evaluating the prevalence of parasitic in the present investigation, it was reported that only 173 positive samples were obtained, representing 17.1%, of which the highest prevalence according to sex occurs in males with 59.5%, the prevalence of parasites according to age was occurs in animals. with less than a year is 89%, this implies the lack of deworming during the development and completion stages, this entails economic losses for producers. A higher percentage of parasites was reported in animals from Zaruma (44.5%). According to sex, in the present investigation, a greater presence of Ascaris is seen in males with 56%, this being the main parasite causing economic losses, causing a setback in the development of pigs. According to the risk factors and management that are present in the production systems used determine the prevalence of the parasite load, it is important to consider that the parasites found in this research are of great importance and may even be transmissible. to humans.Item Factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedades causadas por nematodos y cestodos endoparásitos en cerdos en el Centro de Faenamiento Pelileo(2024-10) Lascano Gualpa, Rosa Obdulia; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelIncidence of internal parasites affects pig production, which not only causes significant economic losses in livestock production worldwide, but also implies a risk to the health of people involved in this type of industry and consumers of meat. of pork. Thus, the present study was carried out in order to analyze the risk factors associated with diseases caused by endoparasite nematodes and cestodes in pigs at the Pelileo Slaughter Center during the period 2023-2024. Diagnosis of parasite species was carried out following the procedures established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries with its attached entity AGROCALIDAD (Agency for Phyto and Zoosanitary Regulation and Control). The species were found: Ascaris sp. and Hyostrongylus sp. (Nematoda) and larval phase of Cisticercus tenuicollis and the hydatidic cyst (Cestoda) mainly associated with the liver of pigs. The highest prevalence was observed for Ascaris sp. infections (21.07%) followed by larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (19.73%) and Hyostrongylus sp. (5.87%), while double Ascaris-Hyostrongylus infections were relatively low (1.33%) as well as infections by hydatidic cysts (1.07%). Regarding risk factors, it was found that age was associated with the prevalence of parasites, being higher in pigs less than 1 year old. Regarding the location within the host, parasites were mainly found in organs that make up part of its biological cycle. On the other hand, no association was found with the sex of the host. According to the results, the prevalence of Ascaris and metacestods of Echinococcus seems to be related to herd management factors, however, this aspect requires investigation.Item Congelación de semen porcino de raza Pietrain centrifugado mediante el uso de glicerol y yema de huevo como crioprotectores(2024-08) Proaño Mena, Dayana Alejandra; Aragadvay Yungan, Ramón GonzaloIn the present investigation, the corresponding evaluation of two cryoprotectants was made: egg yolk and glycerol at different concentration percentages, used with centrifuged semen from Pietrain pigs for both the freezing and refrigeration processes in two treatments and to see their influence. in seminal quality. Frozen T1: 3.5ml of egg yolk + 1.5ml of glycerol were added. Frozen T2: 4.5ml of egg yolk + 2.5ml of glycerol were added. Which in practice corresponded to the following quantities: Refrigerated T1: 70ul of egg yolk + 30ul of glycerol were added. Refrigerated T2: 90ul of egg yolk + 50ul of glycerol were added. Two Pietrain breed stallions were used where 6 ejaculates were extracted and divided into 3 treatments, giving us a total of 18 analyzed samples. The two experimental groups were subjected to a T student comparison with a significance level of 0.05%. The corresponding analyzes were carried out divided into fresh semen and semen applied to the treatments. Where, for both, the quality was evaluated with macroscopic tests (volume, color, consistency) and microscopic tests (mass and individual mobility, normal morphology and abnormalities in the head and tail). Obtaining as a result that all the variables did not have significant differences, however, in the abnormalities section, in loose head at hour 27 after refrigerated treatment 2 a significant difference of 0.007 was obtained and at hour 0 in elongated head 0.01 was obtained. that these values are less than the established P value, which is 0.05.Item Adición de la harina de limón mandarina (Citrus x limonia) sobre los índices productivos e inmunoglobulinas en cerdos (Sus scrofa domesticus) post destete(2024-08) Ortega Espín, Adriana Denis; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe main objective of this research was to evaluate the addition of Mandarin lemon (Citrus x limonia) flour on productive indices and IgG and IgA immunoglobulins in post-weaning pigs. Four treatments were employed: Control Treatment (T0) without addition of flour; T1: with 0.1%; T2: with 0.2%; and T3: with 0.3% (Citrus x limonia). We used 24 post-weaning pigs of Landrace x Yorkshire crossbreed, 28 days old with initial weights ranging from 5.4 to 6.4 kg. They were distributed into 4 treatments with 6 repetitions each one, with one animal per repetition, using a completely randomized experimental design (DCA). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test at a significance level of 95%, with the statistical software Infostat 2020. The duration of the research work was 28 days, during which weights were recorded at 35, 42, 49, and 56 days of age. Subsequently, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and sent to the laboratory to determine the levels of serum immunoglobulins IgG and IgA using the immunoturbidimetry technique. No significant results were obtained regarding productive indices in the first three weeks. However, in week four, it was demonstrated that there was a better weight gain ratio and a more favorable feed conversion ratio for T0, while T3 had a higher weight gain and feed conversion ratio, making it the least favorable. In immunology, results were obtained for T0 in IgA and for treatment T2 in IgG. Additionally, a lower incidence of digestive disorders was observed due to antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.Item Prevalencia de nemátodos gastrointestinales en cerdos faenados en el camal municipal del cantón Pelileo(2024-08) Naula Sánchez, Erick Josué; Almeida Secaira, Roberto IsmaelThis research focuses on determining the presence and frequency of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs slaughtered in the Pelileo municipal slaughterhouse. This study aims to evaluate the parasitic load of nematodes in pigs intended for human consumption, which is of utmost importance for public health and the pork industry. The methodology used included the collection of gastrointestinal tissue samples from pigs slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse, followed by coproparasitoscopic analysis to identify and quantify the presence of nematodes in the adult stage, as well as eggs and larvae in the samples. The results obtained provide relevant information on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitosis in pigs, allowing the impact on public health and the quality of pork to be evaluated. The findings of this research have significant implications for animal and human health, as well as the local pork industry. The data collected can be used to implement measures to control and prevent parasitic infections in pigs, contributing to food security and the well-being of the population. Furthermore, the identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in pigs slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Pelileo Canton provides a solid basis for future research and actions aimed at improving pig management and production practices.Item Efecto antimicrobiano y cicatrizante de los extractos de llantén (Plantago major L.) y manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.) en orquiectomía en cerdos(2023-09) Santamaría Cáseres, Jéssica Sabina; López Villacís, Isabel CristinaBacterial resistance, less adverse effects and economic cost redirect the search for natural therapies. In this research the objective was to compare the antimicrobial and healing effect of plantain (Plantago major L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) extracts on surgical wounds from orchiectomy in pigs. Plant extracts were obtained by evaporating the solvent. Three treatments were used, the first group (T1) was treated with plantain extract, the second group (T2) with chamomile extract and the control group (T3) with topical gentamicin. The healing process was assessed by means of the PUSH and OSAS scales, while the microbial load was evaluated by means of the CFU/cm2 count. Statistical tests such as Kruskall Wallis, Tukey at 5% and Pearson Chi-square were used for data analysis. The bacteria identified in the orchiectomy wounds were Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. The parameters evaluated on the PUSH scale determine numerically that the use of T1 is favorable in the healing process and statistically not significant with T1, T2 and T3. While the surface area and flexibility assessed on the OSAS scale improve significantly with the use of T1 in the healing process. Regarding the antimicrobial effect, the use of T1, T2 and T3 reduced the bacterial load from 151 200 CFU/ cm2 to 72 450 CFU/ cm2. Statistically, it is not significant; however, with the use of T1 the reduction is less, going from 166 950 CFU/ cm2 to 73 500 CFU/ cm2Item Evaluación de una premezcla gluconeogénica sobre el comportamiento productivo y sus modificaciones del tejido magro en canales de cerdos(2023-09) Morales Collaguazo, Tomy Brian; Aragadvay Yungán, Ramón GonzaloThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a gluconeogenic premix on productive behavior and its modifications of lean tissue in pig carcasses. This research was carried out on the premises of the Querochaca Experimental Farm, belonging to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Technical University of Ambato, in which nine Duroc x Pietrain castrated male pigs with an initial average weight of 50 kg were used. The variables analyzed were productive yield, nutrient digestibility, lean tissue modifications, and benefit-cost ratio. For this purpose, three treatments were evaluated: T1=0.0 Kg/Tn of gluconeogenic premix (Inkreb) as a replacement for 0% of net energy, provided by palm oil; T2= 0.25 Kg/Tn of gluconeogenic premix (Inkreb) as a replacement for 25% of net energy, provided by palm oil and T3= 0.50 Kg/Tn of gluconeogenic premix (Inkreb) as a replacement for 50% of net energy, contributed by palm oil. A completely randomized design was used with three treatments and three repetitions, with a total of nine experimental units made up of one pig each. The analysis of variance was performed with the Tukey test at 5% significance. The administration of T2 showed a better productive performance, particularly in the final weight, weight gain and feed conversion. Differences were particularly observed in the consumption of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, with the inclusion of T2. The impact was more pronounced in pigs weighing between 50 and 70 kg. However, the digestibility of nutrients only showed differences in the protein. The inclusion of T2 increased the area of Longissimus dorsi and reduced drip losses at 24 and 48 hours compared to the other treatments. However, variables such as backfat thickness, crude fat, and pH did not show significant differences. Economically, T2 outperformed with a discounted net profit of $49.20 and a benefit cost ratio of $0.04.Item Descripción y revalorización de los saberes ancestrales en la producción pecuaria en los recintos: Suncamal, Sacramento y La Isla, en el cantón Cumandá, provincia del Chimborazo(2017) Caicedo Reinoso, Cristhian Rafael; Mera Andrade., RafaelThe research was carried out in the Sacramento, Suncamal and La Cumandá cantons, in the province of Chimborazo, with the objective of gathering information to know the ancestral practices of poultry, pork and cattle producers to rescue and revalue the ancestral knowledge that are kept in the livestock work of the mentioned places. The use of the ancestral knowledge and the application of the same in the livestock production, referring to the development of a pig, poultry or livestock farm, we can find some advantages, since it becomes a small family activity of backyard agriculture what the Unite more or one way for coexistence and contact with nature, and in this way to achieve higher yields with respect to profits and economic activity, in this way costs are cheaper since agrochemical or chemical inputs are not applied. Make the production system more expensive, which leads to sustainable production. The results obtained in the research made it possible to determine that ancestral knowledge should be revalued among the producers through practical workshops in order to disseminate how they work with the selected animals. For the selection of the animals take into account the size, weight, in the construction of chancheras, nests and corrals use materials of the area as bamboo cane, planks, leaves of cade, straw dry banana leaves, sawdust and through the use they use , Cooked Chinese potato, orito, tender pastures, kitchen waste. In order to combat diseases, they use plum buds for diarrhea, garlic, rue for pneumonia, for labor facilities use sawdust and in the process of laboring, the intervention and manipulation of man, to prevent diseases and disinfection of farms use incense and burning of Plants, for castration use knife and for healing use lemon, urine. KEY WORDS: Ancestral knowledge, livestock, Pigs, Poultry, Cattle, interviews, surveys.Item Efecto de la ingestión de residuos pos cosecha de Theobroma cacao L. sobre el comportamiento productivo de cerdos en la fase de engorde(2016) Humberto Arquímides, Silva Bastidas; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AntonioThe objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of residual search crop of Theobroma cocoa L. on the productive behavior of pigs in the phase of it puts on weight, 24 pigs of shadowy sex were used with a weight alive average of 50.6±1.35 Kg and an approximate age of 3 months. The pigs were distributed in an aleatory way in individual cages where it was evaluated: the treatments T1 (concentrated commercial or witness), T2 and T3 (15 and 30% of flour of it cracked of ear of cocoa. It was determined: Consumption volunteer, voluntary Consumption for kg/peso vivo0.75, Gain of weight lives, nutritious Conversion. The results with regard to the consumption voluntary kg/day, it presented difference (P=0,0001) among treatments, being T3 that of more value with (3.13 kg/day) of consumed food, contrary to the T1 that consumed (2.54 food kg/day), existing a difference of 0,59 kg/day between both treatments. The voluntary consumption g MS/kg PV0.75 showed difference (P = 0.0001) among treatments, being that of more consumption for T3 with (129.12 g MS/Kg PV0.75), what didn't happen with T1 that presented a consumption of (104.81 g MS/Kg PV0.75). With relationship to the gain of weight difference existed (P = 0.0266) among diets, registering the highest value for T2 (0.885 g/day); and in smaller quantity T1 and T3 (0.782 and 0.732 g/day respectively). While for the nutritious conversion I present difference (P=0.0009) in T1 and T2 (3.30 and 3.35) in front of T3 (4.37) that was the highest. You can conclude that the residuals of search crop of cocoa can be included in the diet of the pigs until 15%, due to their nutritious estates improving the productive behavior.Item Utilización de jugo de caña (Saccharum officinarum) como alternativa de fuente energética con un núcleo proteico en dietas para cerdos en la etapa crecimiento(2014-03-19) Orozco Muñoz, Carlos Francisco; Lozada Salcedo, EfraínSiempre se ha cuestionado las condiciones en las que se crían los cerdos; es por ello que, muchas personas no consumen este tipo de carne. En el presente trabajo se realiza un minucioso estudio teórico y de campo respecto a la nutrición y cambios en el crecimiento de dichos animales. Se fundamenta en fuentes bibliográficas y observación directa del crecimiento de los cerdos con lo que se ha dado cumplimiento a los objetivos de la investigación. Posterior a la descripción y análisis teórico y de campo se plantea una alternativa de solución que permitirá implantar un crecimiento adecuado y con alimentación acorde a los estándares de calidad, higiene y consumo humano. El proyecto de investigación se llevó a cabo en la parroquia Santa Cecilia, cantón Lago Agrio, provincia de Sucumbíos en la granja San Francisco de propiedad de Carlos Francisco Orozco Muñoz, ubicada en el Km 12 vía Lago Agrio – Quito a una altitud de 297 msnm, altitud media de 418 msnm, temperatura promedio de 25 °C y una humedad del 86%. El objetivo es mejorar la ganancia de peso de los cerdos en etapa de crecimiento mediante el suministro del Jugo de caña como fuente energética más un núcleo proteico que permite el desarrollo equilibrado de los cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento para lo cual se ajustara en función de energía y proteína y evaluar los costos de producción por ganancia de peso. El núcleo está conformado por: Harina de maíz, Harina de soya, Harina de pescado e ingredientes para ajustar las necesidades del animal como Carbonato de calcio, Fosfato di cálcico, Vitaminas, Sal. Se utilizaron 15 cerdos del cruce LANDRACE x YORKSHIRE todos machos castrados de 2 meses de edad con un peso 20 kg promedio de peso Las unidades experimentales están distribuidas al azar en unidades independientes para proceder al tratamiento con 3 tratamientos y 5 repeticiones cada una. El diseño establece que realice con 3 dosis de Jugo de Caña más el núcleo proteico como dieta, las dosis: D1= 3 Litros/cerdo/día, D2 =5 litros/cerdo/día y D3 =7 litros/cerdo/día, incorporados a la dieta el núcleo proteico para que haya un balance de energía y proteína. T1=3 litros/cerdo/día + el núcleo proteico 500 g T2=5 litros/cerdo/día + el núcleo proteico 500 g T3=7 litros/cerdo/día + el núcleo proteico 500 g El esquema que se utilizó para análisis de varianza es el ADEVA y la prueba de TUKEY. En los cuadros estadísticos en el que se demuestra que el suministro de jugo de caña como alternativa de fuente energética en la alimentación para cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento genera beneficios que aportan al crecimiento y engorde de los animales. Teniendo como materia prima la caña de azúcar es fundamental para esta dieta que garantiza la crianza de los cerdos sin efectos secundarios en salubridad y calidad del producto. Los resultados del tratamiento (3) en el que se utiliza 7 litros de caña más el núcleo proteico generan una ganancia de peso comparado con los otros tratamientos lo que significa que es el tratamiento con mayor estabilidad en proceso y garantiza ingresos al productor.