Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Evaluación de dietas arbustivas sobre el comportamiento productivo y etológico en gazapos (Cavia porcellus) desde el nacimiento hasta recría I(2024-02) Velasteguí Zurita, Enrique Ronaldo; Avilés Esquivel, Diana FernandaThe purpose of this research was to evaluate the productive and behavioral parameters in gazapos fed with bush diets, with an inclusion of 40% alfalfa (Medicago sativa), 40% chilca (Baccharis latifolia) and 40% dill (Anethum graveolens), thus forming T1, T2 and T3. Using a completely randomized block design and discrete focal sampling. Two stages were evaluated: lactation and weaning, with a duration of 15 days respectively, completing the study in 30 days. In the first stage (lactation), there was statistical significance in weaning weight, with the best treatment being T1 (263.51 g), over T3 (254.13 g) and T2 (231.25 g); no significant difference was found in the variable birth weight or weight gain at weaning. In the second stage (weaning), T1 (359.71 g) showed high statistical significance in weight at the end of rearing, over T3 (346.82 g) and T2 (330.47 g). Regarding feed conversion, T2 (3.42 g/g) stood out over TI (3.58 g/g) and T3 (3.68 g/g), weight gain at this stage was also better in T2 (99.22 g), over T1 (96.2 g) and T3 (92.68 g), finally, lower mortality was reported in T3 (0.7%). It was concluded that T1 showed better productive results over T2 and T3. The behavioral parameters that showed statistical significance in the lactation stage were: feeding and rest, in both cases, due to the influence of the mothers, through colostrum consumption and concentrate consumption. For the weaning stage, the three treatments behaved in a similar way, so that no significant statistical differences were reported among them. Key words: Productivity, ethogram, lactation, weaning, alternative diets, guinea pigItem Evaluación de dietas arbustivas sobre el comportamiento etológico e índices productivos de cuyes hembra (Cavia porcellus) en engorde(2024-02) Garcés Garcés, Jorge Luis; Avilés Esquivel, Diana FernandaThis research evaluated the effect of shrub diets on the behavior and productive indices of fattening female guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), using the following treatments: T1: alfalfa (M. sativa), T2: chilca (B. latifolia), T3: dill (A. graveolens) and a completely randomized block experimental design was used, which were established according to four weight ranges: B1: 750 -800, B2: 801 - 850, B3: 851 - 900, B4: 901 -950; in each block were administered the 3 treatments mentioned above thus obtaining four replicates per treatment, 72 female guinea pigs and 12 male guinea pigs were acquired and then distributed in each block, placing 6 females and 1 male per pool, the male remained with the females during the first 15 days of the research with the intention of evaluating the sexual behavior of the aminals. The behavior was evaluated by means of a filmic record during the 75 days of the research and the days and hours when there was more activity were selected for the elaboration of an ethogram recording each one of the animal's behaviors; while, for the variables of the productive indexes, records of weight, food offered, rejected and number of dead animals were filled in. The results for feed consumption were as follows: T1: 1922.39 g, T2: 1877.62 g, T3: 1803.16 g; weight gain reported T1: 376.38 g, T2: 303.33 g, T3: 262.38 g; and feed conversion was T1: 5.24, T2: 6.43, T3: 6.89; in addition, a mortality of T1: 4.16%, T2: 8.33% and T3: 8.33% was reported as a result of poor management of the animals. Despite this, it was not possible to demonstrate significant differences between treatments for both behavioral variables and productive indexes, thus concluding that non-conventional bush diets work adequately as a feeding alternative for female guinea pigs in the fattening stage. Key words: Animal genetic resources, alternative diets, ethogram, native guinea pigs, feed conversiónItem Comportamiento productivo, características de la canal y función ruminal en toros de engorde alimentados con dietas a base de cascarilla de cacao y aceite vegetal(2022-09) Guishca Cunuhay, Carlos Alberto; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AntonioThe productive performance, characteristics of the carcass in ruminal function were evaluated in steers fed with diets based on cocoa bean shell and vegetable oil. Records of 30 castrated steers weighing 206 ± 23 kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10) from the Ruminant Feedlot. The evaluated diets consisted of: T1 [Basal diet: covering the nutritional requirements for late-finishing steers according to the AFRC (1996) + 15% cocoa bean shell (Theobromina cacao) + 6% vegetable oil from passion fruit seed cake (Passiflora edulis) (Control)], T2 [Basal diet + 6% vegetable oil from passion fruit seed cake (Passiflora edulis)] and T3 [Basal diet + 15% cocoa bean shell (Theobromine cocoa)]. Ruminal degradation and in vitro digestibility of DM was evaluated with DaisyII incubator and F57 bags, pore size 25 µn, which contained 0.5 g of sample per treatment (n=5) and were incubated for 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. The volume of gas production in vitro was estimated in amber bottles with 100 ml of nominal capacity, and 0.5 g of sample was used per treatment (n=10). The data obtained were evaluated under a Completely Random Design (CRD). The in vitro rumen degradation kinetics of DM was higher for the soluble fraction (A) in T1 and lower in T3 (p=<0.0001). The rate of potential degradation (A+B) and effective degradation [(c: 0.02; 0.05 and 0.08)] were higher in T1. IVDMD at hour 48 was higher at T1, T3 and lower at T2 (p=0.0004). Total gas production (B) was higher at T2 (p=<0.0001). The productive performance showed higher ADG in T1 and T3 (p=0.0019). The TDMI and IDMI were higher at T1, T3 and lower at T2 (p=0.0142). FC (kg/kg) and FE (kg/kg) were lower and higher at T2 respectively (p=<0.05). Carcass characteristics reflected a higher HCY (%) for T3 (p=0.0032). LdMA (cm2 ) was higher at T1 and T3 (p=<0.0001). However, the RFT was less in T1 and T3 (p=0.0096). Under the conditions of this study, it is concluded that there is a favorable response of the cocoa bean shell alone or combined with vegetable oil from passion fruit seed cakeItem Efecto de la adición de extracto de maca (Lepidium meyenii) sobre el comportamiento hormonal, morfología ovárica y fertilidad en conejas (Oryctolagus cuniculus) primerizas(2021-03) Sánchez Cedeño, Álvaro Francisco; Cruz Quintana, SandraThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maca (Lepidium meyenii) on the hormonal profile of progesterone and estrogens, ovarian morphology, and fertility in first time rabbits. Thirty rabbits were used, divided into three treatments, 10 did not receive a maca supplement in their diets, 10 received 80 mg and 10 rabbits were supplemented with 100 mg of maca per day. Within each treatment were divided into two groups of 5 rabbits. The rabbits of the first group of each treatment received equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) to standardize the beginning of their estrous cycle, and thus start the supplementation in T1 and T2 homogeneously. Three blood serum samples were taken for the analysis of estradiol values on day 8, 12 and 16. On day 19 the rabbits were weighed and sacrificed for the study of their ovaries. The second group of 5 rabbits from each treatment received 15 days of maca supplementation. On day 15 they were synchronized with eCG, and 48 hours later, were inseminated. The rabbits were supplemented with maca until the end of gestation. The results show that Lepidium meyenii did not significantly increase the levels of estrogens in a short period of time, the rabbits that were supplemented with maca extract in their diets, increased their serum levels of progesterone during pregnancy due to the adaptogenic activity exerted by the saponins present in the plant. In addition, a significant increase in the number of primordial, primary, and secondary follicles is shown in the group of rabbits supplemented with maca extract, while a significant increase in tertiary follicles was evidenced in favor of treatment one. No differences were observed between groups the number of Graff's follicles. The ovarian weight of the T2 rabbits was higher compared to the control group rabbits and the T1 rabbits, which in turn had ovaries with less weight than the control group rabbits. Supplementation improved the productive parameters during the experiment period (weight gain and average daily gain) in rabbits that received both 80 and 100 milligrams of maca extract supplemented to their diets.Item Impacto ambiental de la inclusión de saponinas en dietas fibrosas sobre la función ruminal y mitigación de emisiones de dióxido de carbono y metano entérico en bovinos(2020-10) Veloz Vargas, César Xavier; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos AntonioThe objective of the present investigation was to evaluate in vitro the effect of the inclusion of saponins and GISAG in fibrous diets on ruminal function, mitigation of GHG emissions, as well as ammoniacal nitrogen production; 6 bulls with ruminal cannulas were used, fed with a base diet of 50% maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum purpureum) plus 50% corn bale (Zea mays), the treatments were: T control only base diet, T2 base diet plus 3 % of saponins, T3 base diet of 3% GISAG (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and T4 base diet plus 3% saponins and 3% GISAG, a completely randomized design of 4 treatments and 6 repetitions was handled, the variables were analyzed through an analysis of variance in the SAS PROC GLM program and for the comparison of means, the 5% Tukey test was performed, the animals were housed in individual pens and water at will, with respect to the variable in vitro digestibility of MS showed no differences between treatments (P = 0.7684) while the population of protozoa in the rumen evaluated at different hours of fermentation, showed no differences (P> 0.05), except for Entodiniomorphic protozoa at hour 24 (P = 0.0001), the decrease in vitro of this population of protozoa observed at 24 hours in T2, with respect to gas production, was less (P = 0.0111) in the T2 treatment with 37.2 mL of gas / 0.5g DM fermentable, the methane production did not show differences between the evaluated treatments (P = 0.3592), however, the CO2 production was lower (P = 0.0196 ) in T2, the volatile fatty acids did not observe differences between the treatments; however, in ammoniacal nitrogen it was higher (P> 0.05) in treatments T2, T3 and T4, with T2 being the one with the best behavior in GHG mitigation and nitrogen utilization for the productive benefit of the animal.Item Utilización de tres niveles de harina de jengibre (Zingiber officinalis) como promotor de crecimiento en dietas para pollos de engorde(2018) Herrera Mendoza, Bryan Raúl; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe present investigation evaluated the ginger flour (Zingiber offcinalis) as growth promoter in diets for broilers in the Lizarzaburu parish of the canton Riobamba province of Chimborazo, with this essay it was sought to give an alternative to the use of antibiotics as promoters of growth that It is currently used for raising broilers in such a way that with the use of Ginger flour (Zingiber officinalis) can reduce the incidence of diseases, reduce production costs and obtain products of animal origin innocuous for consumption human. This investigation began with the elaboration of the ginger flour (Zingiber offcinalis) that consisted with the following steps selection, drying, grinding and sieving of the ginger tubers (Zingiber offcinalis). The research was carried out with 320 broilers of the Cobb 500 line of one day of age with an average weight of 45.59g on arrival, the house was divided into 4 blocks with 2 repetitions in each, with a total of 32 units experimental Ginger flour (Zingiber officinalis) was added in doses of 0.1% (T1), 0.2% (T2), 0.3% (T3) and 0% (T0). A completely randomized block design (DBCA) was carried out. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% for the treatments. The results obtained significant differences (p <0.01) and (p <0.05) between the treatments being the best the T3 (0.3% inclusion of ginger flour) giving better results in both weight gain, feed conversion , food consumption, yield to the carcass and mortality. Evidenced in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 of this essay.Item Efecto de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas en dietas altas en fibra sobre la función ruminal in vivo e in vitro en ovinos(2018) Sanmartín Villacreses, Diana Aracelly; Barros Rodríguez, Marcos A.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of fibrolytic enzymes in high fiber diets on ruminal function in vivo and in vitro in sheep. The work was carried out in the Granja Experimental Docente Querochaca. Four castrated male sheep with an average weight of 30 kg were fed a diet covering the nutritional requirements of the animals according to the 1993 AFRC, with different inclusion levels of enzymes (0%, 0.08%, 0.16% and 0.24% ). The investigation included four periods of 14 days of adaptation and 4 days of sampling for the treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, resulting in a field work of 72 days where each animal was confined in its metabolic cage. The voluntary intake of MS and MO was higher (P <0.05) respectively, in T1, T3 and T4 with respect to the other treatment. PC consumption was higher (P = 0.0013) for T4 (363.8 g / animal / day). With respect to NDF and ADF consumption, it was higher (P <0.05) for T1 and T4 respectively (Table 3). The voluntary consumption by PV0.75 of MS, MO, NDF and FDA showed no differences (P> 0.05) between the treatments. The intake of digestible nutrients of MO and NDF showed a better response in T1, T3 and T4 respectively (Table 3). The digestibility of the FDA was higher (P = 0.0407) in the treatments with ascending levels of enzymes (linear P = 0.0060) (Table 3). The ruminal pH and the production of AGVs, acetic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acids, no differences were observed (P> 0.05) between treatments, whereas propionic acid was higher (P = 00.0084) in T3 and T4 as the dose of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes. In the same way, the ratio decreased from acetate to propionate (P <0.05) in T3 and T4. A lower PG (P <0.05) was recorded in the T1 and T4 treatments than the other treatments. The kinetics of gas production (PG) (ml / 0.5g MS degraded), recorded a lower PG (P <0.05) in the treatments T1 and T4 than the other treatments. The ammonia production was higher (P = 0.0001) (table 4) in the treatments T3 and T4 with respect to the other treatments. The production of methane (Table 6) (ml / 0.5g MS fermentable) showed (P <0.05) a lower production of methane in the T4 treatment.Item Efecto del consumo de dietas a base de Artocarpus altilis y Theobroma cacao sobre la degradación ruminal de los nutrientes en bovinos(2017) Minda Costa, María Belén; Barros Rodríguez, MarcosAn alternative for the reduction of production costs is the use of agricultural by-products or products that partially replace the grains and that provide the basic nutrients to meet the demands of productivity. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the consumption of Artocarpus altilis and Theobroma cacao on ruminal in situ degradation and ruminal function in vitro. Six bulls, with a rumen fistula (Bar Diamond, Parma, Idaho, USA) of approximately 2 years of age with a mean weight of 350 kg, kept in zinc roof pens, cement floors, with a history of grass, and hay consumption. The animals were randomly assigned according to each treatment: T1: 0% inclusion of Artocarpus altilis and Theobroma cacao. T2; 15% inclusion of Theobroma cacao. T3: 15% inclusion of Artocarpus altilis. Differences were observed in the parameters of in vitro gas production when evaluating the effect of ruminal fluids (inocula: LD1, LD2 and LD3 ruminant liquids from animals consuming three types of diets D1, D2 and D3) and diets (D1; (P <0.0001) accumulated production of gas ml / 0.5g fermentable MS (GV) in all the incubated diets in ruminal fluid LD2. In the parameters of degradation of MS and MO in situ there is a difference between the degradation between diets (D1, D2 and D3, MS P = 0.0027, P = 0.0027, P = 0.0045 and MO, P = 0.0367, P = 0.0173, P = 0.0249, respectively), where an effect was obtained in the comparison (Diet 1 x Diet 2) and (Diet 1 x Diet 2 x Diet 3). In vitro digestibility was observed between ruminal fluids and the in vitro digestibility of OM and DM of the incubated diets (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0041 respectively), as well as the effect of diets (P = 0.0082 and P = 0.0131 respectively). Obtaining the highest digestibility of the diets incubated in the ruminales liquids of the bulls fed diets D1 and D3 (LD1 and LD3). In terms of Ammonia, Volatile Fatty Acids and ruminal pH in situ ammoniacal nitrogen shows differences between treatments at the different sampling times, obtaining the highest (P <0.05) pH and N-NH3 the animals fed diets D2 and D3 respectively. Regarding VFAs, acetic acid is higher (P <0.05) in bulls fed with D2 and D3. Propionic acid was higher (P = 0.0001) in bulls fed D2 and D3 (0 h) and higher (P = 0.0001) in animals fed D1 and D3 (4 h). Key words: in vitro, in situ, digestibility, gas production, degradation, dry matter, organic matter.