Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Evaluación de la eficiencia de tres métodos de riego en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus)(2025-02) Perez Abril Christopher David; Valle Velastegui Edgar LucianoThe influence of drip, micro-sprinkler, and flood irrigation methods on the productivity and fruit quality of Castilla blackberry (Rubus glaucus) was evaluated under controlled conditions to determine their water efficiency and economic feasibility. A completely randomized block design was used with three treatments and two replications, analyzing variables such as uniformity and amount of water applied, installation costs, total fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, Brix degrees, polar and equatorial fruit diameters, plant height, and stem diameter. The results showed that micro-sprinkler irrigation exhibited the highest water efficiency, with a uniformity coefficient of 90.7%, achieving the highest total fruit weight of 90.09 g/plant and higher Brix values. Drip irrigation also showed favorable performance, with a uniformity coefficient of 95.5%, reaching a total fruit weight of 87.15 g/plant and providing an efficient alternative in water-limited scenarios. In contrast, flood irrigation had the lowest uniformity, with a coefficient of 56.7%, and the lowest total fruit weight of 87.40 g/plant, although its installation costs were significantly lower, with a total value of $171.25, compared to $281.25 and $258.25 for the drip and micro-sprinkler systems, respectively. These findings highlight the need to consider water efficiency and implementation costs when selecting an irrigation method, as an appropriate choice can optimize water resource use and improve the sustainability and productivity of Castilla blackberry cultivation, especially in agricultural conditions that require a balance between technical efficiency and economic viability.Item Evaluación de escarificación química de semillas de mora (Rubus glaucus)(2024-08) Urquiso Ruiz, Estephany Micaela; León Gordon, Olguer AlfredoThe blackberry (Rubus glaucus) belonging to the Rosaceae family is recognised as one of the genera with the largest number of species in the Plantae kingdom, including approximately 300 species, which are distributed throughout the world, except in desert areas. This fruit belongs to the berry group, which is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants. Scarification is a technique which consists of subjecting the seed to certain physical, mechanical and chemical parameters in order to shorten the dormancy of the seeds. This research was carried out in the Cevallos canton on the premises of the Technical University of Ambato, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, with the aim of "Evaluating the chemical scarification of blackberry (Rubus glaucus) seeds. For this research a randomised complete block design was used with five treatments and three replications, having as study factors the chemical scarification based on H2SO4 at 80% and 85% and NaClO at 7.25% and 5.25, by means of an analysis of variance compared by the Tukey test of means (P< 0.05) and an ADEVA. The results showed that for the variables analysed such as germination percentage, plant height and number of leaves evaluated at 60, 70 and 80 days, the best treatment was T1 (NaClO 5.25%); however, for the variable number of leaves at 80 days, T2 (NaClO 7.25%) was higher. We can conclude that T1 was the best treatment, obtaining 33% germination. This may be due to the fact that blackberry seed has exogenous dormancy, which does not allow easy germination, thus obtaining germination percentages of less than 50%.Item Evaluación de hidrolatos de (Matricaria chamomilla) y (Equisetum arvense) para el control de (Sphaerotheca pannosa) en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus(2024-08) Acosta Espinoza, Kevin Alejandro; Curay Quispe, Segundo EuclidesThe present work seeks to determine the action of chamomile (Matricaria Chamonilla) and horsetail (Equisetum ervense) hydrosols with a varied dosage, for the control of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) in the blackberry crop (Rubus glaucus) of the University Ambato technique. Doses of horsetail hydrosol (H2D1 – H2D2), chamomile hydrosol (H1D1 – H1D2) and their combination (H3D1 – H3D2) were analyzed at 10 (D1) and 15 ml/L (D2). The treatments included an application directly to the foliage of the plant with the help of a backpack pump. The variables that were analyzed in the blackberry leaves were the percentages of incidence, severity, chlorophyll and nitrogen levels. To carry out the test, a randomized block design (DBCA) was used with three treatments for two repetitions plus a control and for three repetitions, which established 21 experimental units (plots). For the incidence, averages were established, while for the analysis of severity the free Image J software was used, while for the analysis of nitrogen and chlorophyll levels the Manual of Chlorophy Meter MLS – 3 N equipment was used. It provided results in mg%g of nitrogen and SPAD of chlorophyll. The data collected were subjected to the Kruskal Wallis test at 5% for non-parametric analysis of variance. The results showed that the hydrosol with the best action and dose was the chamomile and horsetail hydrosol since its incidence (19.92%) and severity (75.762%) were those that presented a greater reduction rate than the rest of the treatments, while the data on nitrogen and chlorophyll proved not to be significant to establish a relationship with the treatments. Economically speaking, the production of hydrolates represents an advantage due to the low cost of its raw materials, but manufacturing costs are high, and the necessary equipment represents considerable expenses.Item Evaluación de dos fungicidas para el manejo de oídio (Oidium sp.) en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus)(2024-02) Lluglla Manotoa, Doris Elizabeth; Velástegui Espín, Giovanny PatricioThe blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is traditionally cultivated by small and medium-sized producers in the Sierra, it contributes in a very important way to the generation of economic resources and improving their quality of life. It has also been affected by the attack of pests and diseases due to edaphoclimatic conditions, the diseases that most attack the blackberry crop are Oidium sp, Anthracnose and Peronospora sparsa. The present investigation was carried out in the Tisaleo canton, Chilco la Esperanza hamlet, Nueva Esperanza neighborhood entitled "Evaluation of two fungicides for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) in the cultivation of blackberry (Rubus glaucus)", where the components study were different chemicals; Score with a dose of (0.375; 0.5; 0.625) and Predostar with a dose of (1.125; 1.5; 1.875). The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design (DBCA), with two products, three doses and a control (2*3+1). The variables evaluated were: incidence, severity, fruit weight and yield. Analysis of variance (ADEVA) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were performed for the respective variables. At the conclusion of the analysis of the titration work, it was observed that the best treatment for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) was the PID3 treatment with the Score product with a dose of 0.625 ml/L, in comparison to the other treatments, being the most efficient to reduce the percentage of incidence and severity, where it helped to obtain a heavier fruit, therefore, increasing crop yield. Keywords: Blackberry, Powdery mildew, Sheet music, Predostar, DoseItem Evaluación de tipos de anillados y despunte en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus), en la producción de brotes laterales(2024-02) Pilco Solorzano, Kimberly Vanessa; Zurita Vásquez, José HernánThe blackberries’ cultivation (Rubus glaucus) in Ecuador has a significant impact for the economy, nutrition, agricultural diversification, favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of blackberries in several regions, the quality of Ecuadorian blackberries has contributed to its recognition in international markets. Through the girdling practicing the main aim is removing a portion of bark around the stem of a branch to interrupt the flow of processed sap and hormones towards the root system, this leads to an increase in new shoots, fruit set with a greater volume. Meanwhile, the pruning consists of removing the apical buds from the branches of the plant. This practice is used to control growth and encourage more abundant lateral branching. The hypothesis raised was that at least one of the girdling treatments will have a positive effect on girdling on blackberries. The experimental design used was random blocks in a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement with three repetitions. The study factors used were types of ringing; A1 (annular incision), A2 (strangulation) and blunting; D1 (5 cm from the apex), D2 (10 cm from the apex), D3 (15 cm from the apex). The data were analyzed using the Tukey test (p < 0.05) to compare the averages. The treatments were applied according to the treatments, this activity was carried out only once. For data collection, it was collected from two plants of each treatment applied, the results obtained in the variable number of sprouted buds there is no statistical difference with a p-value 0.1015. In the diameter of the stem at 80 days, it could be observed that the best treatment was A1D1 (Girding 0.5 cm – pruning 5 cm from the apex) with an average of 1.30 mm diameter in the stem while A2D3 (Strangulation – pruning 15 cm from the apex) showed an average of 0.6 mm, becoming the smallest of all treatments. In the variable length of the shoot, the best treatment was A2D2 (Strangulation – pruning 10 cm from the apex) with an average of 47 cm and the control has an average of 3.83 cm, occupying the last place. In the shoot diameter variable, no statistical differences were found, obtaining a p-value of 0.1473. In the variable shoot diameter, the control (T) obtained first place with an average of 0.74 mm and in the days of appearance of the floral bud we did not find statistical differences having a p-value of 0.6247.Item Evaluación de dos fungicidas para el manejo de oídio (Oidium sp.) en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus)(2024-02) Lluglla Manotoa, Doris Elizabeth; Velástegui Espín, Giovanny PatricioThe blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is traditionally cultivated by small and medium-sized producers in the Sierra, it contributes in a very important way to the generation of economic resources and improving their quality of life. It has also been affected by the attack of pests and diseases due to edaphoclimatic conditions, the diseases that most attack the blackberry crop are Oidium sp, Anthracnose and Peronospora sparsa. The present investigation was carried out in the Tisaleo canton, Chilco la Esperanza hamlet, Nueva Esperanza neighborhood entitled "Evaluation of two fungicides for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) in the cultivation of blackberry (Rubus glaucus)", where the components study were different chemicals; Score with a dose of (0.375; 0.5; 0.625) and Predostar with a dose of (1.125; 1.5; 1.875). The experimental design used was a completely randomized block design (DBCA), with two products, three doses and a control (2*3+1). The variables evaluated were: incidence, severity, fruit weight and yield. Analysis of variance (ADEVA) and Tukey's significance test at 5% were performed for the respective variables. At the conclusion of the analysis of the titration work, it was observed that the best treatment for the management of Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp.) was the PID3 treatment with the Score product with a dose of 0.625 ml/L, in comparison to the other treatments, being the most efficient to reduce the percentage of incidence and severity, where it helped to obtain a heavier fruit, therefore, increasing crop yield. Keywords: Blackberry, Powdery mildew, Sheet music, Predostar, DoseItem Evaluación de dos productos a base de calcio boro en un cultivo establecido de mora colombiana (Rubus glaucus) en el cantón Mocha(2023-09) Tenesaca Shigla, Alex Ismael; Vásquez Freytez, Carlos LuisIn Ecuador, blackberry 1s an agricultural product highly demanded due to its organoleptic properties, since it allows the processing of foods while maintaining 1ts nutritional value and sensory characteristics. However, there 18 still little information on fertilization practices to promote increased productivity. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of two products based on Calcium Boron in an established crop of Colombian blackberry (Rubus glaucus). The effect of three doses (1.0, 1.5 and 2 g/L) of two calcium-boron sources (Tarafol Beca and Multifrutos) on fruit quality and yield of Andean blackberry plants was evaluated. The highest number of set flowers was obtained with Tarafol Beca with average values of 775.83 and 764.80 flowers/plant when applied at doses of 1.5 and 2.0 g/L. In addition, both the fruit weight and the blackberry yield were affected by the type and dose of the product. The maximum values were reached when the plants were treated with Tarafol Beca at a dose of 2.0 and 1.5 g/L (6.33 and 5.31 tn/ha) and with Multifrutos at a dose of 2.0 g/L (5.35 tn/ha). Finally, no differences were observed in the quality of the blackberry fruit due to the application of Tarafol beca and Multifruto in their different doses in relation to firmness, Brix degrees and polar diameter of the fruit, but in the equatorial diameter. The beneficial effect of calcium boron sources 1n increasing the productivity of this crop was demonstrated.Item Manejo agroecológico de la fertilidad del suelo en el cultivo de mora (Rubus glaucus)(2023-03) Sánchez Camino, Alejandro Xavier; Mera Andrade, Rafael IsaíasThe present research work was carried out with the objective of determining the nutrient content and the presence of microorganisms during agroecological soil management in a 6-month-old blackberry crop (Rubus glaucus). The treatments studied were: mulching with plant residues, crop associated with legumes and the control. The results obtained showed that the treatment associated with legumes (AL) showed a higher content of the elements: N-nitrates, N-ammonium, P-water soluble, K-water soluble, Ca, B, Zn. A stable MO. result was obtained and a lower content of the elements: P, K, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, Cu. While the treatment mulched with pruning residues showed a higher accumulation of K, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, it also maintained stable pH and EC values. And a lower content of the elements: N-NO3, N-NH4, P, P-H2O, K-H2O, Ca, B, Cu, Zn, and finally the control without mulching (SN) reported a higher content of the elements P and Cu, and, a lower content of Nnitrates, N-ammonium, total P, water-soluble P, total K, water-soluble K, Mg, S, Ca, B, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn. In relation to the Hydrogen Potential (pH) was more unstable in the AL treatment with a difference of -0.69, followed by SN (control) with -0.67 and finally BRF (mulching) which was shown to be the most stable with -0.13 difference. Regarding the Electrical Conductivity (EC), it can be seen that the treatment association with legumes (AL) has a difference of -1.22 mSiem/cm, the control treatment (SN) has -0.79 mSiem/cm and the mulching treatment with pruning remains is more stable with a value of -0.30 mSiem/cm. As for Organic matter (OM), the treatment of association with legumes (AL) obtained 7.10 %, making it the treatment that consumed the least percentage of OM. The control (SN) reports a difference of 7.13% of OM and finally the mulching treatment with pruning residues (BRF) has 10.23% of OM. Regarding the presence of microbial populations, the wide range of fungi and bacteria can be appreciated, these maintained a similar count on day 1 and day 90 in all treatments; however, the appearance of some pathogens could be appreciated in the treatments where they did not exist initially, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium oligandrum, Pythium ultimun.Item Determinación de la variabilidad genética de la región ITS2 en poblaciones de Eotetranychus lewisi (MCGREGOR) en el cultivo de Rubus glaucus Bent (mora)(2021-09) Sánchez Iza, Emma Cecilia; Santana Mayorga, Rita CumandáEotetranychus lewisi (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a phytophagous mite able to feed on a wide range of host plant species. Since this mite was recently reported in Ecuador, information on bioecological aspects of the pest is scarce. In this study, the morphological variability evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the genetic variation by genetic distance analysis using the ITS2 region were determined in populations of E. lewisi collected in blackberry plants from different localities from Tungurahua. In this study, blackberry leaves infested with E. lewisi populations were collected from different localities of Tungurahua, Cevallos (C), Quero (Q), Montalvo (M) and Pasa (P), all of these located at different altitude levels. In relation to the genetic study, it was observed that the percentages of the nitrogenous bases in the ITS2 fragment from the different localities show very little variable results. For Adenine, the values coincide with 29.72% for the populations of Cevallos, and 29.91% for Montalvo and Pasa, while the percentage of Cytosine is similar for the four localities (17.06%), likewise there were little variation for Guanine (18.17% for Cevallos; 18.35% for Quero; 18.72% for Montalvo and 18.90% in Pasa. Finally, the percentage of Thymine showed greater variation in Cevallos with 35.05 % with respect to the other populations of Quero (34.86%), Montalvo (34.31%) and Pasa (34.13%). In relation to the nitrogenous bases in the ITS2 fragment there is a greater presence of Thymine followed by Adenine, Guanine and finally Cytosine. On the other hand, the ACP showed that 93.14 and 94.67% of the morphometric variation of E. lewisi in blackberry plants from different locations was explained in 10 components. Of these, the variables that showed greater weight in the first two components were the length of the setae c1, c2, c3, d2, e2, f2 and h3, Sc1, d1, e1, f1 and f2 and in c Regarding the distances between setae, most of the variables were located in the first component (v2- v2, sc1-sc1, c3-c3, d1-d1, d2-d2, e2-e2, f1-f1, h2-h2 and h3-h3).