Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/809

Browse

Filters

2012 - 201921

Settings

End date: 2019Subject: search.filters.subject.GESTIÓN DE RESIDUOS

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 21
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Caracterización del proceso fermentativo de Aspergillus niger P.E.L. Van Tiegghem utilizando como sustrato cáscara de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) para el enriquecimiento proteico
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Fonseca Balseca, Lilibeth Berenize; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the most frequent tubers in Ecuadorian’s basic food basket; it has a high demand in the market and its main use is in the food industry, however, the accumulation of its waste has become a problem, even though, biotechnological advances allow using this type of waste and generate other improvements through fermentation processes giving changes in its final composition. It has been shown that some fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, which are able to modify their metabolic pathway and increase in their final percentage of macronutrients The objective of this study was to characterize the fermentation process of Aspergillus niger using potato’s peel (Solanum tuberosum L.) as a substrate to the protein increase in the medium. In the initial phase, the fermentation time (5-8 days), the agitation speed (0-60 rpm) and the inoculum concentration (5000 and 50,000 conidia for gram of medium) were evaluated through a factorial design (23), these factors were important for the fermentation process; subsequently, fermentation was optimized and kinetic parameters were determined. Optimization resulted in a protein concentration of 16.3092 mg for ml and a biomass concentration of 0.9422 g for ml. Finally, the kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined obtaining a specific growth rate 𝑢= 0.005708 ℎ-1, a doubling time T = 121.42 ℎ and a yield 𝑌𝑥/𝑠 = 0.5074 g of biomass for mg of substrate consumed. The results obtained confirmed that there was an increase in the final protein level of the medium.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Obtención de un extracto rico en carotenoides con capacidad antioxidante a escala de banco a partir de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Urbina Calero, Walter Ramiro; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    The research project had to objective obtain an extract rich in carotenoids up to a scale of a bench, from the agroindustrial waste of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The extraction of the carotenoids was conducted the dry vegetable residue and as solvent ethanol with a residue waste/solvent of 1/70, 50 Celsius degrees and 30 minutes on laboratory scales (0.5 L) and bench (3 and 5 L). The chemical physical characterization of the extract was performed, determining the humidity percentage equal to 99,90 percent, pH of 5,69, refractive index of 1,36, kinematic viscosity of 2,09 cSt.s-1, lycopenes concentration of 0.51 mg.L-1 and yield extraction of 34.34 mg.kg-1. In the microencapsulation the higher scale extract (5 L) was used, concentrating the sample until get 13.45 percent solids, determining the percentage yield in the microencapsulation process equal to 79.02 percent and the percentage of efficiency of microencapsulation of 99.39 percent, also an infrared spectroscopy analysis that corroborated these results considered to be favorable for higher scaling of the process. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH radical method by doing a Trolox calibration curve, obtaining 50.80 percent DPPH inhibition in the extract without concentrating, increasing by 200 percent in the concentrated extract. In the microencapsulated extract was obtained an 21.72 percent inhibition of DPPH equivalent to 142.72 µmol.L-1 with a decrease in antioxidant activity of 34.27 percent compared to the concentrated extract doing a dilution of 1/200.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Obtención de un medio enriquecido en proteínas a partir de residuos de papa (Solanum tuberosum) por fermentación microbiana
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-08) Apunte Benalcázar, Denise Ivone; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    In the present work of investigation to obtain a half enriched in proteins by microbial fermentation, the physicochemical characterization of the domestic residues of potato was carried out (Solanum tuberosum), for this it was determined: pH, percentage of humidity, percentage of starch and concentration of protein in the superchola, chola and única varieties. By means of a completely random design it was possible to verify that there was no significant difference between the three potato varieties in terms of the percentage of starch. It was characterized macroscopically and microscopically to Aspergillus niger, microorganism isolated by students of the Faculty of Science and Engineering in Food and Biotechnology from organic substrates of lemon, to later use it in the microbial fermentation with the domestic waste characterized. In the research 4 media were formulated, by means of a Factorial design 22 the influence of the humidity factors (61 percent and 93 percent) and composition of the medium (without salts and salts) on the variable responses was determined: concentration of proteins and concentration of biomass, obtaining optimum values of 15,91 mg for every ml and 0,79 g for every ml respectively, in the medium formulated without salts and with a humidity of 61 percent. The kinetic parameters of the microorganism in the optimized medium were determined, obtaining as a result a specific growth speed u=0,016 h^(-1), a doubling time t_d=43,08 h and a yield Y_(x/s)=4,49 g of biomass/mg of substrate consumed.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Cuantificación de metales pesados de muestras de lixiviado provenientes de residuos sólidos urbanos del relleno sanitario del cantón Baños de Agua Santa
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-06) Guevara Naranjo, Grace Valeria; Alvarez Calvache, Fernando Cayetano
    In Baños de Agua Santa the solid waste management had an open-air dump in which there was no recycling, a serious environmental contamination, that is why by the end of 2017 the municipality sought alternatives that significantly improved the fate of garbage, going from having a dump without a technical management of waste and in the open, to a landfill with emerging cells, leachate management and technical closure; since then, no physical-chemical analysis was carried out to verify its operation. Therefore, the present work of Titulación carried out some analyzes to determine its operation. The heavy metals were quantified from leachate samples; in which 3 samples were collected with 1 replicate each, for three months, one day per month each, giving a total of 18 intakes, the intakes were made in well 1 settler, well 2 inlet to artificial wetland and well 3 final discharge that would be after the leachate treatment and before being discharged into the creek adjacent to the sanitary landfill. Physical chemical analyzes were performed such as pH, conductivity, COD, BOD_5, temperature, total solids, zinc, copper, arsenic and mercury determination. Verify the results obtained comply with the maximum permissible range established by the Environmental Quality standard for discharge of effluent to the water resource.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Extracción y microencapsulación de licopenos provenientes de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-01) Pérez Sánchez, Christian Fabián; Fernández Rivero, Danae
    The present work is based on the extraction and microencapsulation of the bioactive compound lycopene present in the agroindustrial waste of the tomato tree (Solanum betaceum). An experimental design 32 was carried out, where the factors studied were: the vegetal material ratio / solvent volume (1:30, 1:50, 1:70) and the extraction time (30; 60; 120 min). From the results obtained, the percentages of extraction efficiency and the lycopene mass were calculated in one hundred grams of extracted solids, obtaining that the extraction process was optimized with a vegetal material for solvent volume ratio of 1:70 and a extraction time of 30 minutes. In order to increase the stability of the extracted lycopene, it was microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin and arabic gum as polymers, obtaining an efficiency of the microencapsulation process of 96.5 percent. Through the analysis of infrared spectrometry by Fourier Transforms (FTIR) the effectiveness of the microencapsulation process was corroborated. The antioxidant activity was checked by means of the DPPH technique (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil), since percentage values of DPPH inhibition were obtained for the lycopene-rich extract of 60.23 percent and for the 49.85 percent microencapsulation represented 686.73 and 287.34 μmol of Trolox in one gram of mass of solids extracted respectively.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Caracterización de bacterias productoras de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) utilizando azúcares presentes en residuos agroindustriales
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-11) Llumigusín Jácome, Darwin Roberto; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    The low-cost production of polyhydroxyalkanoates has been a current challenge for the biological world. The present work has identified a strain that has not yet been reported with production capacity of said biopolymer, Citrobacter freundii. This pathogenic bacterium commonly present in water, soil or even in the intestines of animals, can metabolize different sugars such as lactose, citrate or alcohols such as glycerol. In this study, the substrates for said bacteria have been: lactose and xylose (sugars present in agroindustry residues as in the whey of milk or in the bagasse of rice, corn etc., respectively). The specific growth rates are: 0.6009 and 0.6175h-1 respectively and the consumption of sugar for 24 hours, has been around 5 grams for every liter. The concentrations of PHA accumulated were evaluated at 48 and 72 hours, being at 48 hours, the highest peaks, reaching between 25 to 28 grams for every liter. One way to verify that this species produces the biopolymer, was identifying the gene PHA synthase in its genome, which is responsible for producing said biopolymer, analysis made in silico,obtaining 80 percent of the gene to be compared that corresponds to the PHA synthase.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Valoración del crecimiento del hongo Ostra Rosado (Pleurotus djamor) sobre formulaciones de sustratos de residuos agroindustriales y forestales de la provincia de Cotopaxi para la producción de setas comestibles en la empresa ASOPROTEC.
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-07) Calero Guevara, Lorena Estefanía; López Hernández, Orestes Darío
    The growing of Pleurotus djamor fungus has a biological importance because they produce high quality proteins when growing on substrates formed by organic waste. The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth of the pink oyster fungus (Pleurotus djamor) on substrate formulations, in order to determine in which of these substrates the fungus generates higher productivity. The substrates were agroindustrial and forest residues (barley chaff, corn chaff, sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus shavings). The mixtures to be evaluated were packed in 2 Kg bags of substrate. They were sterilized and inoculated with 100 g of Pleurotus djamor seed. The evaluated variables were: time of primordiums emergence, diameter of the carpophores, speed of growth, biological efficiency and yield of each substrate, in order to establish which provides the better conditions for the development of fungi. The corn chaff was the best substrate for the growth and production of the fungus studied because the primordiums took less time to appear (20 days), during the first harvest the fungus obtained in this substrate grew an average of 8.1 cm in diameter (indicator of morphological development), showed 38.86 percent of biological efficiency and a yield of 9.86 percent, with excellent organoleptic characteristics, thus considering a suitable and efficient substrate for the cultivation of this fungus. The cost-benefit ratio was also calculated, obtaining a factor of 2.12 which indicates that the project is profitable and viable.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Estudio de la contaminación por la presencia de partículas biológicas aerotransportables en el relleno sanitario de la Mancomunidad GIDS Pujilí - Saquisilí
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-12) Flores Silva, Valeria Estefanía; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
    The aim of research was to study Study of pollution by the presence of airborne biological particles from the landfill the Commonwealth of GIDS Pujilí-Saquisilí. The sampling taked place in two points, at different times (09h00 and 12h00) and during 10 working days, in situ was registered conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Through air inoculation in the Brain Heart Infusion medium, the microbial concentration in UFC/ml was determined, the analysis showed that concentrations were below the level allowed by International proposals, it attributing the higher concentration to the treatments; a1b1c5 with a value of 22.08 UFC/ml at 17 Celsius degrees and 56 percent RH in the commons waste area and a1b2c2 with a value of 22.32 UFC/ml at 18 Celsius degrees and 52 percent RH in the hospital waste area. From the 40 samples of air taken, 64 bacteria were isolated. That with IMVIC biochemical tests were identified, this analysis showed species with enteric characteristics, such as: Enterococcus faecalis or Shigella flexneri, Salmonella or Citrobacter freundii, Pantoea agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae type II, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter Koseri and Klebsiella oxytoca, Moreover, the biological risk to which the workers of the filling were exposed was evalued, this evaluation was based on Royal Decree 664/1997. It was established that air of the landfill is composed of biological agents belonging to groups 2 and 3. This study shows that exists moderate pollution in the facilities
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Estudio de factibilidad para la implementación de un laboratorio de análisis de lixiviados de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos de Ambato (EPM-GIDSA)
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-09) Mera Tapia, Jéssica Carolina; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
    In the landfill is given the final process of the litter, its degradation produces a toxic liquid called Leachates, it is treated to be discharged and depending on the quality of the liquid, it can generate pollution in the Culapachán river, that is the reason why it has to be controlled and tested in order to check if the liquid gets the allowed limits, taking into account the rules of discharging liquids according to the TULAS. This investigation concluded with the idea of creating a laboratory where the Leached could be studied to control the liquid quality through technical and economic studies. In the technical study, the investigation was based on physical and chemical statements to start a deep analysis of the quality of liquids. From this investigation, the material, the equipment, the lab material and the necessary reagents. In addition, the structural design and basic lab services was created. In the economic research, the results provided financial rates that allowed to accept and reject the project, the Net present value (VAN) of dollars the Indoernal rate of return (VAN) of dollars 30.778,50, the Internal rate of return (TIR) del 35,73 percet, the Cost benefit relation of 1,18, the Period of Recuperation in the Investment of 2 years and 4 months and a rentability of 43,15 percent of the project. The results of the financial rates show that the implementation of a lab to analyze Leachates in the EPM- GIDSA is achievable and it will generate economical savings, at the moment of working by itself, trying not to hire external labs.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Desarrollo de instructivos de Seguridad e Higiene Industrial a partir del análisis aerobiológico del relleno sanitario de la Empresa Pública Municipal Gestión Integral de Desechos Sólidos del cantón Salcedo
    (Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-05) Vásconez Hurtado, Ingrid Nicole; Córdova Suárez, Manolo Alexander
    The aerobiological study was made in the Sanitary Landfill of Salcedo’s city, which process consisted of taking the air with sterile syringes of 20 cm3 and injecting it into 10 ml of Brain-heart infusion medium to incubate the microorganisms at 37°C. The objective was study the proliferation of microorganisms within the human organism, this study was carried out in the solid waste disposal area and the hospital waste area, where the presence of pathogenic microorganisms which may be responsible for infections in the worker was evaluated. To determine the biological risk was taken as reference the Royal Decree 664/1997 which establishes the microorganism’s classification according to their infectious capacity. In this research was found a couple of dangerous bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, which belong to the third group of this classification, indicating that these microorganisms are capable to produce serious pathologies and are therefore a serious risk to the worker's health and a possibility of spreading into the community. Due to the present risk in the evaluated area, a biosecurity instructive and an instructive about the use of PPE (personal protection equipment) and occupational hygiene were made, which mitigate the risk due to exposure to Salcedo Municipal GAD workers.