Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica
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Item Evaluación de diferentes combinaciones de polímeros en la microencapsulación de licopeno de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Pazmiño Eugenio, Damaris Abigail; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe concentrate of lycopene of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum) was microencapsulated using four differents combinations whose were evaluated through the antioxidant capacity. The combinations consisted of varying the load, with respect to the polymers used that were maltodextrin and gum arabic with modifications in the entry and exit temperature in the microencapsulation. The evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro was developed using the DPPH test. On the other hand, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a cellular model to analyze the activity in vivo comparing the growth rate it presents against high and low stress levels with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. It was determined that the microencapsulated with 30% lycopene, 35 percent gum arabic and 35 percent maltodextrin at an inlet temperature (Te) of 120 Celsius degrees and outlet (Ts) of 80 Celsius degrees showed greater antioxidant capacity when using the DPPH free radical method obtaining 81,84 percent inhibition equivalent to trolox concentration of 333,78 more less 4,53 µmol of trolox for gram sample, also recorded a percentage of microencapsulation efficiency of 64,42 percent, which was comprobated with the analysis in the far infrared spectrum taking into account that 83,76 percent transmittance was obtained. The antioxidant activity in vivo corroborated the previous results, because when using the microencapsulation at a concentration of 700 mg/mL, Saccharomyces cervisiae showed a growth rate greater than 1 in the presence of NaOCl and H2O2 exceeding the antioxidant capacity of vitamin C.Item Obtención de un extracto rico en carotenoides con capacidad antioxidante a escala de banco a partir de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Urbina Calero, Walter Ramiro; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe research project had to objective obtain an extract rich in carotenoids up to a scale of a bench, from the agroindustrial waste of the tree tomato (Solanum betaceum). The extraction of the carotenoids was conducted the dry vegetable residue and as solvent ethanol with a residue waste/solvent of 1/70, 50 Celsius degrees and 30 minutes on laboratory scales (0.5 L) and bench (3 and 5 L). The chemical physical characterization of the extract was performed, determining the humidity percentage equal to 99,90 percent, pH of 5,69, refractive index of 1,36, kinematic viscosity of 2,09 cSt.s-1, lycopenes concentration of 0.51 mg.L-1 and yield extraction of 34.34 mg.kg-1. In the microencapsulation the higher scale extract (5 L) was used, concentrating the sample until get 13.45 percent solids, determining the percentage yield in the microencapsulation process equal to 79.02 percent and the percentage of efficiency of microencapsulation of 99.39 percent, also an infrared spectroscopy analysis that corroborated these results considered to be favorable for higher scaling of the process. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH radical method by doing a Trolox calibration curve, obtaining 50.80 percent DPPH inhibition in the extract without concentrating, increasing by 200 percent in the concentrated extract. In the microencapsulated extract was obtained an 21.72 percent inhibition of DPPH equivalent to 142.72 µmol.L-1 with a decrease in antioxidant activity of 34.27 percent compared to the concentrated extract doing a dilution of 1/200.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria de antocianinas microencapsuladas a partir de cáscaras de berenjena (Solanum melongena)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Telenchana Pérez, Erika Vanessa; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe instability of natural pigments makes it difficult to use, so the study of their extraction and conservation process will increase their stability, maintaining their properties. This research was based on the extraction, microencapsulation and evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of anthocyanins from eggplant shells (Solanum melongena). An experimental design 22 was carried out, which was determined that the optimal conditions of the extraction are with a plant material/solvent volume ratio of 1:25, a temperature of 70 more less 2 Celsius degrees and extraction time of 60 min. The microencapsulation of the bioactive compound was performed by spray drying, using two polymeric matrices (maltodextrin and gum arabic), an efficiency of 91.28 percent was obtained for microencapsulation with the mixture of these two polymers, while for maltodextrin it was 79.85 percent. To evaluate the antioxidant properties, the DPPH method was used, a maximum percentage of 257,88 and 307,19 µmol equivalents of Trolox for every gram of microencapsulated was obtained, for the case of maltodextrin and mixture respectively, the curve was also evaluated of growth of yeast S. cerevisiae subjected to oxidative stress and it was shown that microencapsulates protect the microorganism from the oxidative agent. The erythrocyte membrane stabilization method it was determined that at a concentration of 2 mg for ml for the microencapsulation with maltodextrin and 2,5 mg for ml for the case of the polymer mixture, an anti-inflammatory activity of 89,61 percent is obtained and 77,17 percent respectively, exceeding the activity of the commercial drug.Item Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante del contenido de antocianinas microencapsuladas de mora (Rubus glaucus)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-08) Bastidas Bastidas, Vanessa Monserrath; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe research presented was based on the extraction, microencapsulation and quantification of flavonoids (anthocyanins) from blackberries (Rubus glaucus). The antioxidant properties of the plant under study were also evaluated. three microencapsulations were obtained using 3 polymers as encapsulating agent: maltodextrin, that is a mixture in proportions (1: 1) of maltodextrin-gum arabic and concentrated whey protein, where through the analysis of variances of efficiency of 90.81%, 90.64% and 89.73%, were achieved respectively. with a spectroscopic analysis it was demonstrated that the anthocyanins of blackberries were covered by the polymers, obtaining a form of microspheres. To evaluate the antioxidant properties, a live analysis was carried out using S. cerevisiae, where through the growth curves it was verified that each microencapsulated had antioxidant activity and that they were within the curves containing vitamin C as a strong antioxidant.Item Extracción, microencapsulación y actividad antioxidante del capulí (Prunus serotina)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-07) Mejía Freire, Andrea Katherín; Ramos Moya, Milton RubénConsidering the increase of cardiovascular and degenerative diseases and the development of natural extracts with high antioxidant power to neutralize the free radicals are of great interest nowadays. This work was focused on the extraction of anthocyanins coming from capulí (Prunus serotina) using acidified ethanol as dissolvent with chloridric acid at 70 Celsius degrees for two hours, an experimental design was applied for determining the optimal conditions of the process. To protect this metabolite and enhance its beneficial properties, two polymers were applied in a 20:80 ratio with the extract of capuli; an inlet temperature was used (atomization) of 150 Celsius degrees and an outlet (drying) 95 Celsius degrees for maltodextrin and 103 Celsius degrees to the gum arabic combination in a 50:50 ratio. The efficiency of this process was analyzed by FT-IR, the gotten spectra showed anthocyanins characteristics. The best polymer to microencapsule the anthocyanins was the maltodextrin both in efficiency with 85,3 percent and with antioxidant activity in vitro by the DPPH method (147,042 µmol equivalents of Trolox for every gram of dry extract), this activity was checked by an in vivo test with Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was exposed in a oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide, the maltodextrin let the increase of biomass, it was superior than vitamin C, thanks to its antioxidant power.Item Extracción y microencapsulación de antocianinas a partir de col morada (Brassica oleracea L.)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-07) Ramos Lalaleo, Eliana Catalina; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe extraction of anthocyanins was carried out from purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) using ethanol and hydrochloric acid as a solvent in relation to 85:15. Three levels of extraction time (60, 90, 120 min) and three levels of mass ratio of plant material - volume of solvent (1:20, 1:25 and 1:30) were studied as variables. Initially, it was determined that the best extraction conditions were: 120 minutes, with a 1:20 ratio, at a constant temperature of 70 ° C. Next, the anthocyanin concentrate was microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin DE 10 as a polymer which caused the microencapsulation to have great water solubility. FTIR spectroscopy analyzes showed that the anthocyanins were successfully microencapsulated, since the functional groups of the metabolite are masked by the polymer. The microencapsulated anthocyanins obtained an encapsulation efficiency of 90.78%. Next, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated. On the other hand, it was evaluated in vivo through the cell survival of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which was exposed to oxidative stress, in order to evaluate its behavior when subjected to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It was demonstrated that the microorganism is able to recover from cellular oxidation thanks to the presence of microencapsulation of the anthocyanins of B. oleracea, at a concentration of 50 mg / ml, which could protect it, in turn assist in its recovery from damage caused by peroxide. It was possible to reach a maximum of 1,214 turbidity, equivalent to biomass in the liquid culture.Item Extracción y microencapsulación de carotenoides con actividad antioxidante a partir de Daucus carota(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-07) Fiallos Yánez, Henry Alexis; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe present research work was based on the extraction and analysis of metabolites of the Daucus carota plant for its antioxidant properties, taking as a starting point the extraction of carotenoids based on an experimental surface design. To take advantage of the properties of the extracted metabolites, microencapsulated microcapsules containing the antioxidants of the extract of the Daucus carota plant were developed, using two saccharide-type polymers which were maltodextrin and gum arabic of great commercial use with which a microencapsulation efficiency of 92.21 percent was obtained, which were used to verify the antioxidant properties by means of in vitro tests by the DPPH method to analyze the percentage of inhibition of free radicals in which 394,076 μmol equivalents of Trolox was obtained. A percentage of inhibition of 71.20 percent for the microencapsulation, and in the antioxidant activity in vivo through the growth curve of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the antioxidant potential was determined.Item Microencapsulación de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae como fuente de probióticos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-05) Suárez Manzano, Esteban Emiliano; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoMicroencapsulation of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was performed using polymers as maltodextrin DE 10, concentrated whey and a combination in equal proportions of maltodextrin DE 10 and gum arabic , of which viability was determined with a growth curve at 6 weeks After the samples were stored, the performance of each microencapsulation was determined with its respective polymer matrix. These analyzes revealed that the best encapsulation matrix, which was the combination of maltodextrin DE 10 and gum arabic in a 60:40 yeast encapsulation-matrix relationship that was observed under an electron scanning microscope to determine its shape It is smooth and its size is around an average of 5,08 μm in diameter. With this diameter there was obtained the coefficient of transference of mass for the microencapsulated one which decided with the number adimensional of Sherwood whose resultant value is 299,21 after a dissolution for pitchers test in a solution of acidic phosphate of potassium of concentration 0,1 mol for each liter which simulates the present conditions in the intestinal portion of the duodenum. The kinetics of growth was carried out using liquid medium of cultivation YPD sterilized which also counts as white for the spectrophotometric reading. The mixture polymer relationship polymer-yeast 60:40 consists of equal proportions of both malodextri DE 10 and gum arabic according to the amount of yeast washed obtained after its cultivation. The simulation was performed to determine the polymer capable of dissolving in the intestinal environment.Item Extracción y microencapsulación de licopenos provenientes de residuos agroindustriales del tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-01) Pérez Sánchez, Christian Fabián; Fernández Rivero, DanaeThe present work is based on the extraction and microencapsulation of the bioactive compound lycopene present in the agroindustrial waste of the tomato tree (Solanum betaceum). An experimental design 32 was carried out, where the factors studied were: the vegetal material ratio / solvent volume (1:30, 1:50, 1:70) and the extraction time (30; 60; 120 min). From the results obtained, the percentages of extraction efficiency and the lycopene mass were calculated in one hundred grams of extracted solids, obtaining that the extraction process was optimized with a vegetal material for solvent volume ratio of 1:70 and a extraction time of 30 minutes. In order to increase the stability of the extracted lycopene, it was microencapsulated by spray drying, using maltodextrin and arabic gum as polymers, obtaining an efficiency of the microencapsulation process of 96.5 percent. Through the analysis of infrared spectrometry by Fourier Transforms (FTIR) the effectiveness of the microencapsulation process was corroborated. The antioxidant activity was checked by means of the DPPH technique (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil), since percentage values of DPPH inhibition were obtained for the lycopene-rich extract of 60.23 percent and for the 49.85 percent microencapsulation represented 686.73 and 287.34 μmol of Trolox in one gram of mass of solids extracted respectively.Item Desarrollo de formulaciones farmacéuticas microencapsuladas con propiedades antiinflamatorias y antioxidantes a partir de extractos de la planta Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (Kunth) Meisn(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-12) Vásquez Calero, Jonathan Alexander; López Hernández, Orestes DaríoThe present research work was based on the extraction of secondary metabolites of the plant Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (Kunth) Meisn, flavonoids and total phenols were analyzed and quantified for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. To take advantage of the properties of the metabolites, two microencapsulated microspheres were developed that contained the extract of Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (Kunth) Meisn as an active ingredient, using two polymers of the saccharide type maltodextrin and gum arabic. To verify the properties of the microencapsulations, in vitro tests were carried out, the antioxidant activity was determined, which showed a maximum percentage of DPPH inhibition of 74.69 percent equivalent to 400.08 g l-1 of Trolox, the anti-inflammatory capacity was determined by stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane reaching a maximum value of 80.39 percent inhibition of hemolysis and its capacity to inhibit protein denaturation, achieving a maximum percentage of 54.82 percent inhibition of denaturation.