Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/809
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Item Determinación de la degradación del agua residual de los laboratorios ambientales de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología tratada mediante fotocatálisis (TiO2/UV)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2024-02) Guamán Chamba, Dámaris Alexandra; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe wastewater generated by the environmental analysis laboratories of educational institutions may present contaminating compounds that need to be treated. In this project, the advanced oxidation process was investigated using titanium dioxide in suspension irradiated with UVC light, to degrade organic contaminants present in wastewater from chemical determinations of the environmental analysis laboratory of the Faculty of Food Sciences and Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato. The variation of the pH of the solution, hydrogen peroxide concentration, reaction time and level of contamination of the sample was studied. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by COD removal efficiency. The best treatment presented a COD elimination percentage of 50,33 percent at a pH of 5,6, at a concentration of 70 milligrams per liter of hydrogen peroxide and 120 minutes of exposure, in the sample pretreated by neutralization and diluted to an organic loading concentration of 300 mg COD per liter. A high removal of other contaminants was observed, such as iron, zinc, manganese and heavy metals; Additionally, a high removal of sulfates, phosphates and nitrates was achieved. The BOD5 to COD ratio of the effluent pretreated by neutralization was 0,40, while this ratio was 0,11 for the wastewater treated by photocatalysis, which indicates that after the photocatalytic treatment, oxidation byproducts that are less biodegradable than the organic components of the pretreated effluent.Item Determinación de las isotermas y cinéticas de adsorción de metales pesados (Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu) sobre adsorbentes de zeolita y piroclasto volcánico para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de lavadoras automotrices del cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2023-09) Arguello Rodríguez, Diter David; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidWastewater from human activity and industry mostly ends up in water effluents without any prior treatment, which exacerbates the level of contamination of this resource, these practices cause the decrease in water availability. Automotive washing machines generate high loads of hydrocarbons and heavy metals of which vehicles are composed, which is why the objective of the project was the determination of isotherms and kinetics of adsorbent materials on the wastewater of automotive washing machines in the Ambato canton. The present experimental research project consists of an analysis of adsorption isotherms on heavy metals with known initial concentrations of heavy metals, applying linear adjustment and models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, for which the adsorption capacity of a porous material (pyroclast) and materials with a high degree of ion exchange (mordenite zeolite and cliptonilolite) was evaluated. In addition, the adsorption efficiency of the materials was verified on a sample of synthetic water (distilled water and metal) and one of matrix water (wastewater and metal cations), thus executing a simple adsorption process and a competitive adsorption system, for the preparation of samples the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA) were taken as reference. Finally, it was shown that adsorbent materials can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater, removing up to 95 percent of the initial load of contaminants.Item Desarrollo de un estudio de estabilización de residuos peligrosos para los laboratorios de la Facultad de Ciencia en Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología (FCIAB)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-09) Tene Moyolema, Wilmer Edison; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe current generation of waste has increased proportionally to population growth. Of these, the university sector is one of which generates waste from the use of laboratories, which by not treating it represents an imminent danger to the environment. Therefore, this project aims to carry out a study of stabilization-solidification of hazardous waste from the laboratories of the Faculty of Science and Engineering in Food and Biotechnology. Belonging to the Technical University of Ambato. Where an inventory was generated classifying waste into three large groups such as: waste from LACONAL laboratories, research, and academics. Additionally, it was estimated that the annual production of waste was 948 kg. Said residues were treated by means of a stabilization-solidification procedure based on pozzolanic portland cement and lime. With which 4 different treatments were elaborated with different proportions of cement, lime, and residue. Obtaining the following favorable treatments. For LACONAL waste, the fourth treatment, for academic laboratory waste, the second treatment, and for academic laboratory waste, the fourth treatment. Additionally, an advanced oxidation treatment was carried out with one of the residues, where favorable results were obtained, reducing the COD by 91 percent, however, when trying to scale this process and try to treat all the residues, a removal percentage of 65 was obtained percent, recommending the use of an additional treatment.Item Determinación de la cinética de adsorción y curvas de ruptura de metales pesados (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) en las sustancias adsorbentes piedra caliza, carbón activo y turba(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-09) Guijarro Padilla, Alex Salin; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidIndustrial water from washing machines in the city of Ambato can reach levels of heavy metals that are harmful to the environment and public health. This study aims to determine the kinetics of adsorption of active carbon, limestone and peat adsorbents towards the bivalent heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr (VI) through discontinuous experiments, to determine the kinetics and the matrix effect. For this process, 10 g of adsorbent were placed in 500 ml of the solution enriched with metals 10 times the permissible limits by TULSMA at 150 rpm and 60 min. Data were evaluated by adsorption capacity and removal percentage, while kinetic data were evaluated using pseudo first and second order models. In the continuous experimentation of the rupture curves, work was carried out by means of the experimental installation of two columns as a filter medium. The discontinuous experience showed that peat and activated carbon are the best adsorbents with removal percentages higher than 80 percent for most of the metals, being the pseudo-second order kinetic model the one that best fit for most of the metals and the cases with their respective corroboration with other bibliographic studies. Finally, the rupture curves as a function of time were satisfactorily performed, showing the best performance by having 2 columns, being the most viable, economical, and sustainable solution for the treatment of media contaminated by heavy metals.Item Aplicación de exfoliado de grafito a partir del grafito proveniente de pilas recicladas para el mejoramiento de la calidad del agua residual de la lavadora de carros Lavadora Express ubicada en la ciudad de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Rodríguez Pinto, Adriana Cristina; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidCarbon is the most abundant element nature, and the number of compounds of which it is a part is infinite. The benefits of this element have been investigated, with the aim of seeking improvements in various aspects of human development. One of the most worrying aspects is pollution, the excessive use of water sources in the city of Ambato, make us wonder if society is aware that the water resource is not infinite and the impact it can have on the well-being of future generations. It is for this reason that this study is focused on the benefit that can be obtained from the exfoliated graphite obtained from recycled batteries, and its use as a mitigating agent of wastewater pollution, especially in car washers. For this research, samples were taken from the Lavadora Express car washer and the following study variables were established: Obtaining graphite exfoliation, the characteristics of the graphite exfoliation from FT-IR and UV - VIS spectrophotometry, quality parameters of the water as pH, total solids, suspended solids, color, turbidity, BOD and COD; lead adsorption isotherms. In conclusion, the graphite exfoliation is useful to improve the quality of the residual water.Item Estimación de la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (DBO5) en aguas residuales de las empresas de jeans de la ciudad de Pelileo utilizando redes neuronales artificiales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Pillapa Vargas, Yesenia Esthefania; Cabrera Valle, Daniel AlfonsoWithin artificial intelligence, the use of artificial neural networks is becoming increasingly important. This study seeks to estimate the error of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand in wastewater from laundries of jeans of the city of Pelileo using neural networks. First, a database consisting of 6 physical parameters, 9 chemical parameters and an-output variable was developed. These variables were selected using the TUSLA Standard and were compiled from the cadastre of the GAD Pelileo of the years 2017-2018 and a certified water analysis laboratory. Next, the Matlab software was used with the design of the Artificial Neural Network FeedForward Backpropagation with the input layer of 15 variables. The first hidden layer had ten neurons, the second summatory layer with one neuron and the output layer with the response variable corresponding to the estimation of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand with the Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm. Values of the correlation coefficient, the estimated network error, and the comparison of the Tukey Test were obtained, susch as: 0.98081; 0.8890; 0.9833. These figures reveal a concordance between the values estimated by the network and the actual values. Finally, the results showed that Biochemical Oxygen Demand was estimated numerically in wastewater through neural models. This type of model of neurons represents only part of the mathematical function that the network builds from the set of observations.Item Caracterización de agua residual proveniente de la industria automotriz del cantón Ambato y su tratamiento por adsorción para remoción de metales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Aguas Salazar, Bryan Gilmar; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidMost of the residual effluents are discharged into bodies of water without any type of pre-treatment, which increases the risk of contamination of surface and groundwater. This experimental project consists of a physicochemical characterization and a pre- treatment of the residual effluent generated in several car laundries of the Ambato canton to suggest alternative treatments for the removal of metals present in the effluent, in order to be disposed of properly. For this, random samples were collected from the laundries at different points for subsequent homogenization, these samples were characterized through 14 physicochemical parameters. These results were compared with the current Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria de Medio Ambiente (TULSMA), where it was observed that they do not comply with some parameters established by the standard. On the other hand, for its pre-treatment with adsorption isotherms, solutions with known concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn were used, which were added in different types of adsorbent materials (peat, limestone and activated carbon) to different weights, obtaining a result of 24 samples for each metal that were subsequently analyzed by spectrophotometry. Thanks to this, it was possible to describe the individual behavior of each pollutant used in the Langmuir and Freundlich models, finding a great correlation in the latter according to the determined parameters. Once the results were analyzed, it was established that the degree of removal of each contaminating metal was greater than 90 percent; having active carbon and peat as the best bioadsorbent.Item Reducción en la demanda bioquímica y química de oxígeno en las aguas residuales de la Tenería Núñez aplicando tratamiento de electrólisis del agua residual(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-09) Vásconez Ortiz, Ricardo Fernando; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe electro-oxidative system with titanium meshed electrodes was studied with the aim of complementing the previous investigation of " Diseño e implementación de la planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Tenería Núñez " by Núñez (2021), due to the fact that the methodology created to the treatment of wastewater from the tanning processes was not sufficient to reduce degradability values -by physicochemical methods- until its data allowed by Ecuadorian regulations. The method for oxidative electrolysis of wastewater used a sample of the treated effluent from Tenería Núñez, where in principle initial degradability studies were carried out, focusing on values for Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand, as they are the most critical values. compared to the other parameters already reduced. The design of the electrolytic cell and the electro-oxidative methodology were adapted from several authors who have shown to reduce these parameters by up to 99 percent -as in Hernández et. al (2011)- reported in the background of the project; the combination of primary and secondary electrochemical methods (electrocoagulation and electrooxidation) results -in these studies- in an almost total elimination of contaminants and a formidable efficiency. Therefore, avoiding the excessive consumption of resources, the electrolytic oxidation methodology was proposed from titanium electrodes -for its resistance and effectiveness- in short electrolysis times, while considering the low investment for the method (Electricity, electrodes, voltage transformer and circuits). Finally, the post-treatment analysis will decide if the efficiency is acceptable.Item Cuantificación de indicadores de contaminación fecal en ríos y canales de agua de riego de cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Quingaluisa Parra, Romelia Elizabeth; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Latin American countries, the coverage of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is deficient, causing an increment of chemical and biological pollutants in aquatic natural ecosystems. Thus, the sanitary risks related to unsafe water for the inhabitants is considerable. In Ecuador, it is estimated that 70 percent of superficial water below 2.800 meters-above-sea-level cannot be used for human purposes. Nowadays, few studies about water quality in this country have been made. This investigation was focused on the detection of microbial indicators of fecal pollution (Escherichia coli, coliforms, somatic coliphages, ceftriaxone-resistant-mesophilic bacteria) in selected rivers and irrigation channels of five provinces of Ecuador. The anthropogenically impacted points Machángara river (Pichincha) and Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo irrigation channel (Tungurahua) presents the highest levels of biological pollution. In addition, the irrigation channels Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo (Tungurahua) and Latacunga-Salcedo-Ambato (Cotopaxi) shown increased ratios of microorganisms with resistance phenotype to a clinically relevant antibiotic. These findings are worrying because demonstrates the high influence of human activities in the biological quality of the rivers and irrigation channels in Ecuador. Complementary studies are needed to take opportune measures aimed to improve the sanitary conditions of water in Ecuador.Item Evaluación de la diseminación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de aguas superficiales, sedimentos de río y canales de agua de riego en cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Guijarro Portero, Violeta Jeannette; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Ecuador, it is estimated that 88 percent of wastewater is discharged into rivers, which present contamination with pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals, which is notable in the rivers of the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca, Riobamba, Ambato, Latacunga and Esmeraldas; waters that feed irrigation canals and ditches These points could represent a potential reactor of resistance genotypes that could easily spread through food to bacteria in the human microbiota. In the present research project the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in water samples, river sediments and irrigation canals in five provinces of Ecuador was evaluated. In a higher frequency, the sulphonamide sul1 and beta-lactam blaTEM resistance genes in waters and sediments were detected and quantified using the qPCR technique, genes with resistance to carbapenems (blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaCMY) and beta-lactams (blaCTX- M and blaSHV) were detected in the channel derived from the Naranjito-Guayas collection point using the PCR technique (conventional). The points mostly affected with ARGs in the province of Tungurahua were: the Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo water channel and the Ambato river sediment; in the province of Pichincha, the water of the Pita river and water and sediment of the Machángara river; in the province of Manabí, in the sediment of the Portoviejo canal. It is therefore established that the rivers and irrigation canals evaluated in Ecuador have a high anthropogenic level, which could act as reservoirs and contribute to the dissemination of ARGs in the environment.