Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/handle/123456789/809
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Item Aplicación de exfoliado de grafito a partir del grafito proveniente de pilas recicladas para el mejoramiento de la calidad del agua residual de la lavadora de carros Lavadora Express ubicada en la ciudad de Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Rodríguez Pinto, Adriana Cristina; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidCarbon is the most abundant element nature, and the number of compounds of which it is a part is infinite. The benefits of this element have been investigated, with the aim of seeking improvements in various aspects of human development. One of the most worrying aspects is pollution, the excessive use of water sources in the city of Ambato, make us wonder if society is aware that the water resource is not infinite and the impact it can have on the well-being of future generations. It is for this reason that this study is focused on the benefit that can be obtained from the exfoliated graphite obtained from recycled batteries, and its use as a mitigating agent of wastewater pollution, especially in car washers. For this research, samples were taken from the Lavadora Express car washer and the following study variables were established: Obtaining graphite exfoliation, the characteristics of the graphite exfoliation from FT-IR and UV - VIS spectrophotometry, quality parameters of the water as pH, total solids, suspended solids, color, turbidity, BOD and COD; lead adsorption isotherms. In conclusion, the graphite exfoliation is useful to improve the quality of the residual water.Item Validación del método para determinación de detergentes en muestras de agua por espectrofotometría UV-Vis en el laboratorio AqLab de la ciudad del Coca(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Aguirre Tubón, Ana Belén; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe validation of the method for determination of surfactants in water samples by UV-vis spectrophotometry was carried out in the environmental analysis and evaluation laboratory Aqlab in the city of Coca. Its validation was carried out taking into account the analytical need of the laboratory, validation parameters of the INEN ISO IEC 17025 standard and SAE regulations, environmental regulations described in the TULSMA, in its Environmental Quality and Effluent Discharge Standard: Water Resource and the Municipal Ordinances of the Orellana Canton. The method 5540 C corresponding to the determination of anionic surfactants as MBAS described in the Standard Methods was used for the matrices of water for human consumption, natural water and waste water. The validation objectives were established and the corresponding experimental design was proposed under conditions of repeatability and reproducibility. The following parameters were analyzed: Response Function, Limit of detection, Limit of quantification, Precision (repeatability and reproducibility), Veracity, Uncertainty and Working Interval of the method. Through the statistical analysis of data, it was demonstrated that the method is suitable for the intended application, by meeting the validation objectives set for a CVr and CVR less than 30 percent for accuracy, a recovery percentage of 80 to 120 percent for veracity, an uncertainty U less than 30 percent with a 95 percent confidence interval (k is 2) and a method working range comprising concentration levels 0,10 to 8,85 ppm MBAS.Item Reducción en la demanda bioquímica y química de oxígeno en las aguas residuales de la Tenería Núñez aplicando tratamiento de electrólisis del agua residual(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-09) Vásconez Ortiz, Ricardo Fernando; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe electro-oxidative system with titanium meshed electrodes was studied with the aim of complementing the previous investigation of " Diseño e implementación de la planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Tenería Núñez " by Núñez (2021), due to the fact that the methodology created to the treatment of wastewater from the tanning processes was not sufficient to reduce degradability values -by physicochemical methods- until its data allowed by Ecuadorian regulations. The method for oxidative electrolysis of wastewater used a sample of the treated effluent from Tenería Núñez, where in principle initial degradability studies were carried out, focusing on values for Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand, as they are the most critical values. compared to the other parameters already reduced. The design of the electrolytic cell and the electro-oxidative methodology were adapted from several authors who have shown to reduce these parameters by up to 99 percent -as in Hernández et. al (2011)- reported in the background of the project; the combination of primary and secondary electrochemical methods (electrocoagulation and electrooxidation) results -in these studies- in an almost total elimination of contaminants and a formidable efficiency. Therefore, avoiding the excessive consumption of resources, the electrolytic oxidation methodology was proposed from titanium electrodes -for its resistance and effectiveness- in short electrolysis times, while considering the low investment for the method (Electricity, electrodes, voltage transformer and circuits). Finally, the post-treatment analysis will decide if the efficiency is acceptable.Item Diseño e implementación de la planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Tenería Núñez(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-01) Núñez Aldás, Alex Bolívar; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe wastewater treatment system was designed to minimize and eliminate pollutants present in the discharges of the leather process at Tenería Núñez. The system is designed to eliminate suspended solid organic substances and organic substances and for this, preliminary treatment processes, physical and chemical processes will be applied, which obtain wastewater suitable for discharge, complying with current regulations. The main processes for use are macro grinding of suspended tissues, effluent homogenization, neutralization, coagulation, flocculation, precipitation, sedimentation, sludge removal, filtration, controlled aeration / oxygenation, and sludge drying for removal. The treated water quality study used statistical tools that facilitate interpretation and decision making. The water quality indices (ICA) have been promoted in order to contribute to the communication of reports on the condition of the water to society, where the results of evaluations of the physical and chemical characteristics of the water corresponding to periods between 2019 and 2020 , whose objective is to compare the conditions of the water of Tenería Núñez before and after the actions taken for its restoration; For this, 17 physical and chemical parameters of the water were analyzed using standardized techniques that include an ISCA. The results reveal that the wet process of Tenería Núñez presents a high degree of contamination, with contributions of organic matter and sediments; Temporal variations in water quality were found that show the effects of the different periods in which the analyzes were carried out.Item Estudio de la influencia de las fuentes antropogénicas sobre la calidad del agua de la cuenca media y baja del río Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-01) Guachamín Zambrano, Scarlet Nathaly; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioA growing environmental problem is the contamination of the water resource, being a threat to fresh water sources such as rivers and their tributaries, in this sense this research aims to establish the effect of anthropogenic sources on the degree of contamination in five points of the middle and lower basin of the Ambato river by determining ten physicochemical parameters, calculating the water quality index (ICA) and comparing the performance of the sampling process as well as the effect of the location of the study points. The tests were structured in a replicated double division design, taking a sample for each sampling point, and obtaining four replicates per point. The methods consisted of measuring the concentration of physicochemical parameters following the Manual of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater and the determination of the NSF Water Quality Index. The investigation verified that only four parameters are within the permissible limit: temperature, turbidity, biological oxygen demand and dissolved solids, in addition to this the quality of the water according to the ICA value was regular and poor throughout the middle and lower basin of the By virtue of the results, these denote that sewage and untreated waste from mainly domestic and industrial activities affect the water quality of the Ambato River, which has been affected for years by indiscriminate contamination from various sources.Item Evaluación de la diseminación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de aguas superficiales, sedimentos de río y canales de agua de riego en cinco provincias del Ecuador(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2019-12) Guijarro Portero, Violeta Jeannette; Calero Cáceres, William RicardoIn Ecuador, it is estimated that 88 percent of wastewater is discharged into rivers, which present contamination with pathogenic microorganisms and toxic chemicals, which is notable in the rivers of the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca, Riobamba, Ambato, Latacunga and Esmeraldas; waters that feed irrigation canals and ditches These points could represent a potential reactor of resistance genotypes that could easily spread through food to bacteria in the human microbiota. In the present research project the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in water samples, river sediments and irrigation canals in five provinces of Ecuador was evaluated. In a higher frequency, the sulphonamide sul1 and beta-lactam blaTEM resistance genes in waters and sediments were detected and quantified using the qPCR technique, genes with resistance to carbapenems (blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaCMY) and beta-lactams (blaCTX- M and blaSHV) were detected in the channel derived from the Naranjito-Guayas collection point using the PCR technique (conventional). The points mostly affected with ARGs in the province of Tungurahua were: the Ambato-Huachi-Pelileo water channel and the Ambato river sediment; in the province of Pichincha, the water of the Pita river and water and sediment of the Machángara river; in the province of Manabí, in the sediment of the Portoviejo canal. It is therefore established that the rivers and irrigation canals evaluated in Ecuador have a high anthropogenic level, which could act as reservoirs and contribute to the dissemination of ARGs in the environment.Item Optimización del proceso de coagulación en el tratamiento de agua a partir de la adición de basificantes en la planta de tratamiento de agua potable Casigana de la EP-EMAPA-A(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2018-08) Yugcha Pérez, Adriana Soledad; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioAdding basifying used in drinking water allows conditioning it for optimal treatment, mainly influencing physicochemical parameters such as turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids and alkalinity in the coagulation process. Therefore, different basifying agents such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate 5percent, taking as factors study the concentration of coagulant, as well as the added volume of base for an optimal removal of the turbidity. For which three water samples used with high turbidity from the Huachi-Pelileo channel captured in the Casigana drinking water treatment plant of EP-EMAPA-A in the wet season. Jar test was used for the different treatments, the best basifying being calcium hydroxide (a1b2c1) with a removal of 99.4 percent of turbidity, allowing the reduction of at least 20 mg por every L of coagulant and according to the norm INEN NTE 1108: 2014 the parameters evaluated are within compliance with the permissible limits used for drinking water.Item Aprovechamiento del sulfato de aluminio extraído a partir de los lodos generados en la planta de potabilización de agua Casigana de la EP-EMAPA-A, para la clarificación de agua(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-07) Díaz Muñoz, David Alejandro; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderIn this research the sludge’s from purification plant Casigana from Empresa Pública Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Ambato (EP-EMAPA-A) product of its processes was used for obtaining aluminum sulphate as coagulant. The acidification method with sulfuric acid extracted aluminum sulphate type b with physicochemical characteristics suitable for its clarification of water (color removal and turbidity). The aluminum sulphate was obtained by a reaction of the sulfuric acid with aluminum hydroxide (compound present in the sludge) in which the following factors were evaluated; pH of the reaction is carried and the reaction time under agitation, the experimental response was the concentration of aluminum in mg * L-1 obtained in the supernatant. These factors were analyzed by an experimental design of blocks totally random. Resulting in a pH of 1.5 for 30 minutes of reaction; Allowed a recovery of 72.2% of aluminum as aluminum sulfate type b, ensuring its effectiveness as a coagulant according to standards NTE 1903 and NTC: 531 para productos químicos. Sulfato de Aluminio national norm and Colombian norm referenced in Ecuador. The efficacy and dose of the coagulant was evaluated in a jar tests, collecting water samples from the effluent treated by the Casigana treatment plant, evaluating the color and residual turbidity to comply with the NTE 108: 2011 standard.Item Aplicación del proceso foto-fenton solar para la recuperación del cloroformo residual obtenido luego de la realización del Ensayo de cadmio (Métodos HACH 8017) en el Laboratoirio de Control de Calidad de la Empresa Pública - Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Ambato (EP-EMAPA-A)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-07) Rivadeneira Corral, Amy Nataly; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderThe aim of this research was to study the recuperation of the residual chloroform obtained after the cadmium test (HACH Method 8017) in the Laboratory of Quality Control of the Empresa Pública-Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Ambato (EP-EMAPA-A) through the application of the Photo-Fenton solar process. The samples used contained a mixture of residue-water in 1:3 ratio. Different volumes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ferrus ion concentration [Fe2+] were applied. The optimun H2O2/Fe2+ ratio was determinated by gas chromatography analizing the chlorofotm recovered after the application of the oxidatuive process. The values corresponding the optimum ratio were 0,075 mL/27,563 mg for H2O2 and Fe2+ respectively. Reaching a percentage of chloroform area of 100,0 ± 0,00 and a probability that the sample read was constituted by chloroform of 93,45 ± 2,05. Applying this optimum ratio in the solar Photo-Fenton process, a 96,4 percent cadmium removal was achieved. When the cadmium test was run with chloroform recovered against a reference material (Trace Metals 1-WS, Fluka Analytica) a reading of 28,2 mg Cu / L was obtained, established value within the certified values of the analysis corresponding to 28,1 ± 0,4 mg Cu / L.Item Desarrollo del proceso de desinfección para agua embotellada a base de Ozono (O3) en la Planta de Tratamiento de Agua Envasada de la Empresa Pública - Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Ambato (EP - EMAPA -A)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2017-04) Gavilanes López, Jonathan Vinicio; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderEcuador is one of the latin american countries with high levels of consumption for bottle water. The Ecuadorian Technical Norm NTE INEN 2 200:2008 establishes the physicochemical and microbiological parameters requested for water to be bottled up, focusing mainly in safeguard the integrity of users who consume this generalized product worldwide. This investigation was done seeing the need of Empresa Publica- Empresa Municipal de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Ambato (EP-EMAPA-A), for implementing an efficient disinfection process for bottled water, for this reason Ozone (O3) was chosen between the most effective, considering it`s high microbicidal power, short contact times and minimum quantities of by- products formed. Considering these criteria, it was determined that the optimum dose of ozone in water to be bottled is 0,15 mgO3/L (Dosage Scale: 1,75 g/h), maintaining a residual ozone concentration equivalent to 0,08 mgO3/L and 0,07 mg/L as demand for ozone required to disinfect water. These established concentrations are supported by previous physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial analyzes carried out to verify the quality and guarantee of the water that will be provided to the local community as an additional service by EP-EMAPA-A.