Carrera Ingeniería Bioquímica
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Item Determinación de la degradación del agua residual de los laboratorios ambientales de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología tratada mediante fotocatálisis (TiO2/UV)(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2024-02) Guamán Chamba, Dámaris Alexandra; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe wastewater generated by the environmental analysis laboratories of educational institutions may present contaminating compounds that need to be treated. In this project, the advanced oxidation process was investigated using titanium dioxide in suspension irradiated with UVC light, to degrade organic contaminants present in wastewater from chemical determinations of the environmental analysis laboratory of the Faculty of Food Sciences and Engineering of the Technical University of Ambato. The variation of the pH of the solution, hydrogen peroxide concentration, reaction time and level of contamination of the sample was studied. The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated by COD removal efficiency. The best treatment presented a COD elimination percentage of 50,33 percent at a pH of 5,6, at a concentration of 70 milligrams per liter of hydrogen peroxide and 120 minutes of exposure, in the sample pretreated by neutralization and diluted to an organic loading concentration of 300 mg COD per liter. A high removal of other contaminants was observed, such as iron, zinc, manganese and heavy metals; Additionally, a high removal of sulfates, phosphates and nitrates was achieved. The BOD5 to COD ratio of the effluent pretreated by neutralization was 0,40, while this ratio was 0,11 for the wastewater treated by photocatalysis, which indicates that after the photocatalytic treatment, oxidation byproducts that are less biodegradable than the organic components of the pretreated effluent.Item Determinación de las isotermas y cinéticas de adsorción de metales pesados (Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu) sobre adsorbentes de zeolita y piroclasto volcánico para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de lavadoras automotrices del cantón Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2023-09) Arguello Rodríguez, Diter David; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidWastewater from human activity and industry mostly ends up in water effluents without any prior treatment, which exacerbates the level of contamination of this resource, these practices cause the decrease in water availability. Automotive washing machines generate high loads of hydrocarbons and heavy metals of which vehicles are composed, which is why the objective of the project was the determination of isotherms and kinetics of adsorbent materials on the wastewater of automotive washing machines in the Ambato canton. The present experimental research project consists of an analysis of adsorption isotherms on heavy metals with known initial concentrations of heavy metals, applying linear adjustment and models of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, for which the adsorption capacity of a porous material (pyroclast) and materials with a high degree of ion exchange (mordenite zeolite and cliptonilolite) was evaluated. In addition, the adsorption efficiency of the materials was verified on a sample of synthetic water (distilled water and metal) and one of matrix water (wastewater and metal cations), thus executing a simple adsorption process and a competitive adsorption system, for the preparation of samples the regulations of the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA) were taken as reference. Finally, it was shown that adsorbent materials can decrease the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater, removing up to 95 percent of the initial load of contaminants.Item Determinación de la cinética de adsorción y curvas de ruptura de metales pesados (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) en las sustancias adsorbentes piedra caliza, carbón activo y turba(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-09) Guijarro Padilla, Alex Salin; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidIndustrial water from washing machines in the city of Ambato can reach levels of heavy metals that are harmful to the environment and public health. This study aims to determine the kinetics of adsorption of active carbon, limestone and peat adsorbents towards the bivalent heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr (VI) through discontinuous experiments, to determine the kinetics and the matrix effect. For this process, 10 g of adsorbent were placed in 500 ml of the solution enriched with metals 10 times the permissible limits by TULSMA at 150 rpm and 60 min. Data were evaluated by adsorption capacity and removal percentage, while kinetic data were evaluated using pseudo first and second order models. In the continuous experimentation of the rupture curves, work was carried out by means of the experimental installation of two columns as a filter medium. The discontinuous experience showed that peat and activated carbon are the best adsorbents with removal percentages higher than 80 percent for most of the metals, being the pseudo-second order kinetic model the one that best fit for most of the metals and the cases with their respective corroboration with other bibliographic studies. Finally, the rupture curves as a function of time were satisfactorily performed, showing the best performance by having 2 columns, being the most viable, economical, and sustainable solution for the treatment of media contaminated by heavy metals.Item Simulación computacional del tratamiento de lixiviados del relleno sanitario de Ambato mediante un filtro aeróbico y anaeróbico(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-09) Falcón Quinchiguango, Jhoana Elizabeth; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidThe leachate is the product of the harvest of solid waste buried in landfills, being highly contaminated, they require treatment before being discharged into the natural environment. The leachate treatment plant in Ambato, on which this study focuses, uses biological methods based on anaerobic and aerobic processes, specifically the UASB reactor and the trickling filter. This research seeks to model and simulate these processes using the COMSOL MULTHYPHYSICS version 5.4 software, applying Darcy's law and physics that describe the behavior of the flow, the transport of species, biological reactions through specific parameters, coefficients and constants to reach a model. the closest to reality. The results obtained through the simulations were compared with the experimental data, achieving a removal of around 60 percent of BOD and COD, an increase in ammonium and phosphate nutrients, and a decrease of more than 90 percent in heavy metals. similar to the real UASB reactor. In the trickling filter, the removal of organic matter has a significant difference since removal percentages higher than 40 are obtained and in practice it does not exceed 9 percent, the same happens with those of nutrients since less than 10 percent is eliminated, the case of heavy metals the opposite occurs since it is reduced even in its entirety. According to the analysis carried out, the importance of the simulation is verified since it can warn of factors or conditions that are affected by the current process.Item Caracterización de agua residual proveniente de la industria automotriz del cantón Ambato y su tratamiento por adsorción para remoción de metales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2022-03) Aguas Salazar, Bryan Gilmar; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidMost of the residual effluents are discharged into bodies of water without any type of pre-treatment, which increases the risk of contamination of surface and groundwater. This experimental project consists of a physicochemical characterization and a pre- treatment of the residual effluent generated in several car laundries of the Ambato canton to suggest alternative treatments for the removal of metals present in the effluent, in order to be disposed of properly. For this, random samples were collected from the laundries at different points for subsequent homogenization, these samples were characterized through 14 physicochemical parameters. These results were compared with the current Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria de Medio Ambiente (TULSMA), where it was observed that they do not comply with some parameters established by the standard. On the other hand, for its pre-treatment with adsorption isotherms, solutions with known concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn were used, which were added in different types of adsorbent materials (peat, limestone and activated carbon) to different weights, obtaining a result of 24 samples for each metal that were subsequently analyzed by spectrophotometry. Thanks to this, it was possible to describe the individual behavior of each pollutant used in the Langmuir and Freundlich models, finding a great correlation in the latter according to the determined parameters. Once the results were analyzed, it was established that the degree of removal of each contaminating metal was greater than 90 percent; having active carbon and peat as the best bioadsorbent.Item Simulación computacional del post-tratamiento de lixiviados del relleno sanitario de Ambato mediante filtración subsuperficial en humedales artificiales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-03) Salinas Villegas, Christian Alexander; Peñafiel Ayala, Rodny DavidSubsurface constructed wetlands of the horizontal type are applied as a profitable option for the purification of leachates both as treatment and post-treatment. An in silico investigation, using the COMSOL MULTHYPHYSICS version 5.4 software, allows to reduce total costs and time spent as much as possible, unlike an in vivo or in vitro investigation. The purpose of this study is to use the tools that the program provides, manipulate them in such a way that it adapts to reality through the use of physics that describe the flow at the entrance of the system, its behavior by Darcy's Law, surface reactions that involve kinetic and adsorption models, with the application of a series of parameters, constants and coefficients necessary to integrate the set of system of equations generated and to be able to solve with the help of the program. The removal percentages for organic matter were 72.15 and 90.06 for COD and BOD respectively, while for nutrients it varied between 60 and 75 percent, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was also studied, obtaining the following percentages for lead 99.98, chromium 99.91, mercury 96.85, zinc 94.44, nickel 92.24 and cadmium 82.75, below these accumulation rates were copper with 57.30 and silver 56, however they complied with the regulations in force for their release. Based on the results obtained, the importance and effectiveness of the use of artificial wetlands for the purification of pollutants present in leachates is evidenced.Item Diseño e implementación de la planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales de Tenería Núñez(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-01) Núñez Aldás, Alex Bolívar; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioThe wastewater treatment system was designed to minimize and eliminate pollutants present in the discharges of the leather process at Tenería Núñez. The system is designed to eliminate suspended solid organic substances and organic substances and for this, preliminary treatment processes, physical and chemical processes will be applied, which obtain wastewater suitable for discharge, complying with current regulations. The main processes for use are macro grinding of suspended tissues, effluent homogenization, neutralization, coagulation, flocculation, precipitation, sedimentation, sludge removal, filtration, controlled aeration / oxygenation, and sludge drying for removal. The treated water quality study used statistical tools that facilitate interpretation and decision making. The water quality indices (ICA) have been promoted in order to contribute to the communication of reports on the condition of the water to society, where the results of evaluations of the physical and chemical characteristics of the water corresponding to periods between 2019 and 2020 , whose objective is to compare the conditions of the water of Tenería Núñez before and after the actions taken for its restoration; For this, 17 physical and chemical parameters of the water were analyzed using standardized techniques that include an ISCA. The results reveal that the wet process of Tenería Núñez presents a high degree of contamination, with contributions of organic matter and sediments; Temporal variations in water quality were found that show the effects of the different periods in which the analyzes were carried out.Item Análisis bioinformático de bacterias con capacidad degradadora de hidrocarburos(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-01) Guerra Ortiz, Jessica Estefanía; Terán Mera, David AndrésThe bioinformatic analyzes carried out focused on hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and the mechanisms they use for the degradation of these compounds. It seeks to understand the evolution of these over time, considering the evolutionary and structural relationship of certain enzymes (monooxygenase and dioxygenases), among these: benzene 1,2-monooxygenase, phenol 2-monooxygenase, toluene 2-monooxygenase, toluene methyl monooxygenase, toluene dioxygenase and toluene 2-monooxygenase. The meta-analysis process consisted of determining the bacteria capable of degrading hydrocarbons, as well as the definition of the metabolic routes used for the transformation of toluene and benzene and the corresponding enzymes (Total: 7). The phylogeny process of the enzymes was carried out based on hydrocarbons (toluene and benzene), a BLAST of each of the enzymes was carried out and individual and group phylogenetic trees were constructed. Based on this information, the evolution of enzymes was understood, and common ancestors were defined, obtaining that there are still conserved sequences among all enzymes. The last analysis performed was the structural analysis of 5 enzymes, where they were compared with each other, thus defining the structural similarity. Based on this, it was obtained that there are partial similarities between the enzymes, which participate in the different metabolic pathways, as stated above. The study of this work is important because each of the results obtained may contribute to the development of synthetic enzymes at an industrial level, for greater efficiency in the bioremediation of soils and waters contaminated by oil spills.Item Estudio de la influencia de las fuentes antropogénicas sobre la calidad del agua de la cuenca media y baja del río Ambato(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-01) Guachamín Zambrano, Scarlet Nathaly; Pérez Aldas, Lander VinicioA growing environmental problem is the contamination of the water resource, being a threat to fresh water sources such as rivers and their tributaries, in this sense this research aims to establish the effect of anthropogenic sources on the degree of contamination in five points of the middle and lower basin of the Ambato river by determining ten physicochemical parameters, calculating the water quality index (ICA) and comparing the performance of the sampling process as well as the effect of the location of the study points. The tests were structured in a replicated double division design, taking a sample for each sampling point, and obtaining four replicates per point. The methods consisted of measuring the concentration of physicochemical parameters following the Manual of Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater and the determination of the NSF Water Quality Index. The investigation verified that only four parameters are within the permissible limit: temperature, turbidity, biological oxygen demand and dissolved solids, in addition to this the quality of the water according to the ICA value was regular and poor throughout the middle and lower basin of the By virtue of the results, these denote that sewage and untreated waste from mainly domestic and industrial activities affect the water quality of the Ambato River, which has been affected for years by indiscriminate contamination from various sources.Item Estimación de la calidad del aire en ambientes interiores en laboratorios químicos de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato utilizando redes neuronales artificiales(Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología. Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica, 2021-01) Gavilánez Barrionuevo, Christian Sebastián; Córdova Suárez, Manolo AlexanderAccording to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the levels of contamination in closed environments can be 10 to 100 times higher than outdoors. The objective of this research project was to estimate the air quality in indoor environments of chemical laboratories. from the Technical University of Ambato through the use of Artificial Neural Networks. A Backpropagation RNA model was used, an algorithm capable of organizing in the intermediate layer or layers, between the input and the output of the network. Measurements were made at 25 laboratories with high carbon dioxide output rates, an MX6 iBRID equipment was used for direct measurement of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, the Extech HT30 for temperature and humidity measurement and for measurement of particulate material the Aerocet 831 portable particle counter. The sampling points were chosen in accordance with the UNE 171330-2: 2014 standard. A cascade network with 2 hidden layers was configured with a gradient descent training, with 7 epochs, resulting in a performance of 80 percent. Having a linear trend line and a value of R = 0.99557 with which it can be affirmed that the 7 epochs of training is the optimal number to avoid failures in the network. This model can be adapted for the forecast of other air pollutants, whether chemical or particulate matter, with good precision and in a simple way.