Laboratorio Clínico
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Item AVANCES EN LOS MÉTODOS SEROLÓGICOS Y MOLECULARES PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE TUBERCULOSIS LATENTE(2025-02-25) Albán Balseca, Jessy Marianela; Galárraga, Pérez Edison Arturo; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoIntroduction: tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious pathology of bacterial origin that is transmitted mainly by air. This disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and its main area of involvement is the lungs. Clinically, tuberculosis can manifest itself from a non-communicable and asymptomatic latent infection (LTBI) to a highly transmissible active disease. An essential aspect to obtain adequate control of the disease is the detection and diagnosis of both infectious and active cases, in order to interrupt the chain of TB transmission. Objectives: to evaluate the usefulness, efficacy and clinical accuracy of the serological and molecular methods currently used to detect latent tuberculosis. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out using the PRISMA method. Clinical studies and systematic reviews were included, highlighting those with relevant information on the diagnostic advances used in laboratories for the detection of TB. Results: currently, the interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and the tuberculin skin test (TST) are used to establish the diagnosis of TB. However, molecular tests such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF, LAMP, PCR have revolutionized the diagnosis of active tuberculosis by offering significant advances in terms of speed, accuracy and accessibility. Conclusions: tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis include different traditional techniques such as microscopy and culture, as well as innovative molecular and immunodiagnostic tests. However, each of these strategies has its strengths and limitations, so this topic remains a necessary area of research to achieve the eradication of the disease.Item MÉTODOS SEROLÓGICOS Y MOLECULARES PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE INFECCIONES POR EL VIRUS DE LA HEPATITIS B(2025-02-25) Reyes Negrete, Heidy Stefania; Ron Mora Álvaro Sebastián; MÉTODOS SEROLÓGICOS Y MOLECULARES PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE INFECCIONES POR EL VIRUS DE LA HEPATITIS BIntroduction: the hepatitis B virus has the ability to severely infect the liver and cause both acute and chronic infections. It belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family, is composed of partially double-stranded DNA, and contains four open reading frames (ORFs): ORF S (surface), C (core), P (polymerase), and X (HBx). The diagnosis is primarily based on detecting the surface antigen (HBsAg) and human antibodies against these antigens through immunological methods. Similarly, molecular methods such as PCR, qPCR, and LAMP are currently used, offering higher sensitivity and specificity. Objective: to review the effectiveness of serological and molecular methods in detecting hepatitis B virus infections. Methods: a systematic review was performed using the PRISMA method. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and books addressing serological and molecular methods for detecting hepatitis B virus infections were included. Results: out of a total of 187 studies, 23 relevant articles were included in the review, providing valuable information on the serological and molecular methods used for detecting hepatitis B virus infections. Conclusion: serological methods are highly useful for the early detection of the virus, especially in low- and middle-income countries due to their low cost. Likewise, molecular methods are valuable for quantifying viral DNA and providing proper treatment monitoring, demonstrating higher sensitivity and specificity.Item DE LA MICROSCOPÍA A LA SECUENCIACIÓN GENÉTICA: LA EVOLUCIÓN EN LAS TÉCNICAS DE DIAGNÓSTICO DE LA LEUCEMIA LINFOIDE AGUDA(2025-02-25) Pico Sánchez, Dayana Fernanda; Rosero Freire, Daniela Alexandra; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoAcute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a highly heterogeneous hematological disease that affects both children and adults, with cure rates that have increased over the years. This progress is attributed to advancements in diagnostic techniques, which have contributed to earlier and more precise detection, monitoring of ALL progression, and prognosis assessment. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive and updated review of the advances in techniques used for diagnosing ALL. It was found that diagnosis begins with results obtained from conventional techniques, such as complete blood count and cellular morphology analysis. However, these must be complemented by more advanced techniques, such as karyotyping, FISH, and RT-PCR, which detect molecular-level alterations and mutations. Additionally, other techniques like NGS, although still limited to research laboratories, continue to provide valuable information. These advancements have significantly improved the identification of molecular subtypes and genetic alterations, which are crucial for risk stratification and prognosis. Nonetheless, conventional techniques remain indispensable as the starting point for subsequent analyses.Item TÉCNICAS MOLECULARES APLICADAS AL DIAGNÓSTICO DE HELICOBACTER PYLORI(2025-02-25) Martínez Tocagon, Katherin Mabel; Vilcacundo Córdova, Mario Fernando; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoHelicobacter pylori is a bacterium implicated in various gastrointestinal pathologies, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Accurate and timely diagnosis of this infection is essential for its clinical management, especially in regions with high prevalence. For this reason, molecular techniques have emerged as essential tools to detect the presence of H. pylori in a more sensitive and specific manner, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests. The objectives of the present study were to describe and identify the molecular techniques applied for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori, to analyze their efficacy, and to determine their impact on the management of patients with this pathology. This review article describes the main molecular techniques used, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its variants, such as real-time PCR (qPCR), multiplex PCR, as well as other innovative techniques such as CRISPR-Cas13a-based PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS), including their importance as well as their sensitivity and specificity from different studies.Item EVALUACIÓN ANTIMICROBIANA IN VITRO DEL ACEITE ESENCIAL Y MICROENCAPSULADO ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS FRENTE A BACTERIAS ATCC(2025-02-25) Macías García, Emily Masielle; Guangasig Toapanta, Víctor Hernán; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoBacterial resistance to antibiotics represents a global crisis recognized by organizations such as the WHO, UN, and EU, causing millions of deaths each year (1). In response to this challenge, the search for innovative alternatives to treat resistant infections has become crucial to ensure the effectiveness of treatments. This study focuses on the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) and its microencapsulated form (AEM) derived from Rosmarinus officinalis. Microencapsulation, carried out through spray drying, enhances the stability of the oil, optimizes its efficacy, and enables controlled release, overcoming limitations such as its volatility and reduced effectiveness in its pure form. The antimicrobial properties of EO and AEM were analyzed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. AEM demonstrated exceptional performance, with inhibition zones of up to 21.6 mm against S. aureus. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 12.5 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 25 mg/mL were determined for S. aureus. For E. coli and P. aeruginosa, the MIC values were 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, respectively. These results position AEM as a promising alternative in the healthcare field, standing out for its innovation, effectiveness, and relevance in the context of the growing antimicrobial resistance.Item AVANCES EN LAS TÉCNICAS PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE MALARIA CAUSADA POR PLASMODIUM SPP(2025-02-25) Coello Troncoso, Lisbeth Mireya; De la Torre Fiallos Ana Verónica; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoThis bibliographic review article analyzes advancements in malaria diagnosis, focusing on recent methods applied in endemic regions to detect species of the genus Plasmodium spp. Among the most notable innovations is droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), which enables precise quantification of Plasmodium DNA compared to realtime PCR, although with some limitations in specificity. Additionally, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven useful for the rapid diagnosis of P. vivax and P. ovale, while serological approaches like PvSeroTAT are being implemented in Brazil to identify and treat asymptomatic infections, thus reducing transmission. Realtime PCR and techniques such as hexaplex PCRHRM have improved the ability to differentiate species and detect submicroscopic infections. These advancements represent significant steps toward more accurate and faster diagnostics, essential for malaria elimination.Item INCIDENCIA DE DERMATOFITOS EN PERSONAS DEDICADAS A LA AGRICULTURA EN EL SECTOR DE QUILLÁN LOMA(2025-02-25) Chimborazo Manobanda, Bryan Raúl; Vilcacundo Córdova, Mario Fernando; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoThis study focuses on determining the frequency of dermatophytes in individuals engaged in agriculture in the Quillán Loma area. Dermatophytes, the most common agents of superficial mycoses worldwide, affect keratinized structures such as skin, nails, and hair. Farmers are particularly vulnerable due to their long working hours, contact with organic matter and animals, use of closed footwear, and humid conditions. The study, designed as cross-sectional, descriptive, observational, and prolective, included 52 participants with lesions suggestive of onychomycosis and athlete’s foot. Samples were collected from toenails, fingernails, sole scrapings, and interdigital spaces, and analyzed using 10% KOH, Sabouraud dextrose agar culture, microculture, and lactophenol blue staining. Microscopic and macroscopic analyses identified the etiological agents. Of the samples, 29 tested positives through KOH and culture. Nineteen dermatophytes were identified: Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 12 cases and T. rubrum in 7 cases. Additionally, 10 non-dermatophytic molds were isolated: Fusarium (5 cases), Aspergillus (3 cases), and one case each of Scopulariopsis and Alternaria. Risk factors were validated through a survey and correlated with the dermatophytes identified in the study.Item BIOMARCADORES EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO TEMPRANO DE LAS ENFERMEDADES NEURODEGENERATIVAS(2025-02-25) Castro Jácome, Deisy Nataly; Yauli Flores, Carlos Fernando; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoNeurodegenerative diseases refer to a heterogeneous group of disorders with an unknown onset that progressively affect the degeneration of neuronal circuits, resulting in a gradual loss of functions such as memory, movement, and speech. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease are common examples of Alzheimer's disease is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid, leading to the formation of plaques that damage neurons. Parkinson's disease involves the progressive degeneration of neurons in a specific brain region called the substantia nigra. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, while Huntington's disease primarily affects a brain region known as the striatum. Biomarkers for the early detection of neurodegenerative diseases allow the identification of alterations before clinical symptoms appear, facilitating the selection of effective treatments, disease monitoring, and the personalization of therapies. This article provides an exhaustive review of updated information on the various types of biomarkers for neurodegenerative pathologies to offer a new perspective on these diseases.Item CARGA EXOSOMAL: BIOMARCADORES EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO DEL CÁNCER(2025-02-25) Campoverde Ortega, Gabriela Noemi; Proaño Pérez, María Elizabeth; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoCancer is a global health problem, and one of its main challenges is timely detection. Therefore, the determination of exosomal biomarkers has been proposed as a possible tool when diagnosing this pathology. In addition to being important elements in intracellular communication by transporting cellular biomolecules such as lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites associated with their producer cell, they act as main regulators of the tumor microenvironment, responsible for angiogenesis, progression, and development of metastasis. For their isolation, there are various techniques related to ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and immunoaffinity that allow their separation from different sources, whether biological fluids or culture media, facilitating their study in the context of cancer.Item UTILIDAD DE LA CALPROTECTINA FECAL EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMEDADES INFLAMATORIAS INTESTINALES(2025-02-25) Armas Ingavélez, María Paula; Galárraga Pérez, Edison Arturo; Universidad Técnica de Ambato/ Facultad de Ciencias de Salud /Carrera de Laboratorio ClínicoIntroduction: Inflammatory bowel disease involves two main disorders: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Colonoscopy with biopsy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of IBD, although these are invasive and costly techniques. In recent years, fecal calprotectin has gained relevance as a noninvasive biomarker with significant clinical utility. The effectiveness of fecal calprotectin has been demonstrated in distinguishing between IBD and irritable bowel syndrome, predicting endoscopic and histological activity, as well as disease recurrence. Objective: Review the current literature on the clinical utility of fecal calprotectin in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Methods: Systematic review based on the PRISMA method, of studies obtained through searches in Scopus, PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Latindex, and Google Scholar. Primary and secondary studies published in the last five years in English and Spanish were included. Results: Nineteen studies were analyzed, describing high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing IBD from IBS, helping to reduce the rate of unnecessary colonoscopies in patients with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, fecal calprotectin was found to significantly correlate with endoscopic and histological activity. Conclusions: Fecal calprotectin is a reliable biomarker of mucosal inflammation, capable of identifying patients with a higher likelihood of having IBD, allowing for better management of colonoscopy resources and reducing associated costs.