Ciencias Agropecuarias
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Item Identificación de los factores de riesgo asociados a enteroparásitos en gallinas criollas (Gallus gallus domesticus) de traspatio en las zonas rurales de la parroquia San José, de la provincia de Pastaza, Ecuador(2025-02-11) Cuvi Cuenca Keyla Paola; Rodríguez Haro Cecilia ElizabethCurrently, there are not enough formal studies on parasitological fauna in backyard birds in Ecuador, for this reason the present work aims to contribute with knowledge regarding the prevalence and parasitic incidence of backyard poultry production in parish San José, province of Pastaza, likewise, describe the importance of sustainable and sustainable production that guarantees food safety because to strengthen both animal health and the sanitary management of animals by identifying risk factors to prevent them through sanitary control management, therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to identify the main gastrointestinal parasites associated with risk factors and zoonotic interest in backyard birds from rural areas of the tropics. Fecal samples were collected from 80 birds (roosters and hens) of different ages under a backyard breeding system. The samples were collected at random. For laboratory analysis, the samples were subjected to flotation and washing tests and the Mc Master technique. The prevalence of parasites could be determined with a value of 91.25%, depending on sex, the positive parasite prevalence in females was high (60%). Regarding the identification of parasites, the prevalence of: Hymenolepis setigera and Capillaria spp was reported with 27% respectively, followed by Eimeria spp (26,3%). Depending on age; The parasite prevalence was higher in birds older than 12 months. Finally, the Odds Ratio values were greater than 1, in factors such as deworming, feeding, and housing, which is considered a viable irrigation factor, favoring parasite infestation.Item Presencia de genes de resistencia a los antibióticos en Escherichia coli aislada de carne de pollo que se expende en el cantón de Ambato(2024-11) Gómez Aillòn Diego José; Cruz Quintana Sandra MargaritaAntimicrobial resistance is currently a public health problem in Ecuador. It seems that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production is a way for the development of this resistance. E. coli is a pathogen that affects animals and people and has developed resistance to several antibiotics in recent years. Cephalosporins and quinolones are used in broiler production and are two families of antibiotics to which strains of E. coli They have shown resistance. This resistance is mainly mediated by resistance genes such as gyrA and blaCTXM. Studies have searched for these mechanisms in E. coli strains from chicken meat, as it is one of the main meats consumed in Ecuador. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibioresistance and the presence of resistance genes of 31 Escherichia coli strains to antibiotics. Antibioresistance was carried out by the agar diffusion method and the search for resistance genes through PCR. In this way, a Kruskall Wallis test and the Mann Whitney U test were performed for the antibioresistance data, and for the genes, prevalence and a chi-square test were analyzed, with a 95% confidence interval. The results for the antibioresistance of the strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin 45.1% and ceftriaxone 25.8% and the antibiotics that provided greater susceptibility were gentamicin and amikacin with a p≤0.05. For the gyrA genes of CIP and blaCTXM of CX there were prevalence of 100% and 96.77% respectively. When comparing the difference between the origin of the sales center and the resistance gene, there was no statistical difference p≥ 0.05 in both genes. Finding resistance to antibiotics gives us a warning that the indiscriminate use of these in the country's animal production could be an important factor for this resistance. The prevalence of genes is a guide to the main resistance mechanism that could be used by E. coli, such as mutations in genes and genes that encode enzymes that provide resistance. And finally, finding antibioresistance and resistance genes in chicken meat in the Ambato canton is a warning of the possible risk of transmissibility of resistant strains that could generate resistance to antibiotics in people. However, the current data in Ecuador on this possibility is not yet being studied with the importance of the case. Therefore, studies like this open a gap for us to analyze everything that antibioresistance implies and the repercussions on public health in Ecuador.Item Evaluación de un preparado microbiano sobre los índices productivos en gallinas ponedoras(2024-08) Jima Jiménez, Álvaro Fernando; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial preparation on the productive indices in laying hens, being evaluated 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%, and its effects on the productive indices and the cost/benefit relationship of the different treatments. Four different treatments were evaluated, including a control with 0% microbial preparation. For this research work, a completely randomized statistical design was carried out, which consists of ten repetitions for each treatment applied and five birds per repetition, that is, 50 experimental units adding a total of 200 laying hens of the Lohmann Brown – Classic line for research. The analysis of the means was performed using Tukey's statistical test at 5% reliability. Nine productive indices were evaluated and it was concluded that the different percentages of microbial preparation added to the birds' diet, it was determined that the best treatment was T2 and T3, for the variable egg weight with an addition of microbial preparation at 0.2 and 0. .3%, respectively, where a weight of 63.21g and 63.28g was achieved, showing highly significant differences compared to the T1 treatment (0.1%) with a weight of (61.52g) and the control T0 (0 %) obtained a minimum weight of (60.77g). Regarding the remaining variables, there are no statistically significant differences between the treatments. In cost/benefit ratio, T2 has a greater value of 1.07 points.Item Efecto de la harina de cúrcuma (Cúrcuma longa) y romero (Rosmarinus officinalis) en los índices productivos y coccidiosis en pollos de engorde(2024-08) Medina Vera, Pamela Alexandra; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of turmeric (C. longa) and rosemary (R. officinalis) in different doses, on the productive indices and the oocyst count of Eimeria spp, for this we worked with nine treatments, each combined according to the established dose, being for C. longa (0, 0.02, 0.05 %) and R. officinalis (0, 0.05, 0.1 %) respectively. For the study, 270 one-day-old Cobb 500 mixed chickens were used. By means of the completely randomized DCA design with factorial arrangement with 3 replicates for each treatment and 10 animals per repetition. The data were evaluated with the statistical program Infostat by means of the Tukey test at a significance level of 95%. The analysis was carried out in three different stages (initial, growth and fattening) respectively, while the measurements for the evaluation of oocysts of Eimeria spp were carried out in 3 periods (27, 35 and 48 days of age) respectively. Regarding the results, there were no significant differences greater than (P>0.05) in the production indices: Final weight (g), Weight gain (g), Feed intake (g), AQI (g/g), IEE, Mortality %, Cost/Benefit (C/B). In relation to the evaluation of oocysts of Eimeria spp., statistical differences could be observed in the intake at 48 days of age, the treatment that obtained a better result was T5 with an average of 29.17 oocysts/g of feces.Item Presencia de genes de resistencia a fluoroquinolonas y betalactámicos en Proteus mirabilis aislados en carne de pollo en el cantón Ambato(2024-08) Fiallos Barros, Lizbeth Estefanía; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaThis study focused on the identification and analysis of antimicrobial resistance genes in Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from chicken meat samples from the city of Ambato. In particular, two key genes were investigated: gyrA associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones, and blaTEM-1, related to beta-lactam resistance. For the detection and analysis of these genes, advanced molecular techniques were used, including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. First, DNA extraction from the samples was performed using standardized methods that ensure purity and adequate concentration of DNA for subsequent amplification, in the PCR phase, specific primers were used to amplify the target sequences of the gyrA and blaTEM-1 genes. The results showed successful amplification of the gyrA gene in all samples analyzed, with a base size of 850 bp, confirming a 100% prevalence of this gene in Proteus mirabilis strains. On the other hand, the amplification of the blaTEM- 1 gene was not universal in all samples, it was detected in 58.3% of the strains analyzed. This finding suggests the presence of variability in beta-lactam resistance in the samples, indicating that although blaTEM-1 is a prevalent gene it is not the only resistance mechanism present. This result underscores the need to consider other betalactam resistance genes and other resistance mechanisms in future studies. This research provides detailed insight into antimicrobial resistance, the high prevalence of the gyrA gene and the considerable presence of the blaTEM-1 gene indicate significant resistance to fluoroquinolones and beta-lactams, respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous and detailed monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the food chain to implement effective control strategies and protect public health.Item Evaluación de la sensibilidad a los antibióticos y presencia de genes de resistencia en Lactococcus garvieae aislado en carne de pollo que se expende en Ambato(2024-08) Chávez Romero, Anderson Xavier; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaLactococcus garvieae is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium, considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen, as reports of human infection are increasing. In the present research work, the antibioresistance of the L. garvieae strain and the presence of resistance genes in L. garvieae isolated from chicken meat sold in Ambato were evaluated. Sensitivity was identified using the Kirby Bauer method for the following antibiotics: Linezolid, Ceftriaxone, Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, Lincomycin and Oxytetracycline. After obtaining results where four of the five antibiotics were resistant: Linezolid, Ceftriaxone Lincomycin and Oxytetracycline where we chose oxytetracycline, which showed the highest resistance and is the most widely used antibiotic in livestock farming. An arduous investigation was carried out to identify resistance genes, tetD and tetA, then the DNA of L. garvieae was extracted by the method of Aljanabi & Martinez modified, the PCR technique was carried out with the corresponding primers of the genes and ended with an electrophoresis where it was not identified that it has tetD and tetA genes of resistance to oxytetracycline and finally it was investigated on the molecular mechanisms of resistance of L. garvieae to the different resistant antibiotics.Item Evaluación de la presencia de los genes de resistencia a antibióticos betalactámicos y glucopéptidos en Mammaliicoccus sciuri aislado de la carne de pollo que se expende en Ambato(2024-08) Barreno Mayorga, Jessica Fernanda; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaAntibiotic resistance represents a significant public health problem due to the ability of bacteria to cause difficult-to-treat infections. The objective of this research is to detect the presence of resistance genes to beta-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid) and glycopeptides (vancomycin) in the bacteria Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolated from chicken meat sold in Ambato. The research was carried out by collecting Mamamlicocus samples isolated from chicken meat and analyzing them in the laboratory to determine the presence of the aforementioned resistance genes, using PCR, DNA extraction and electrophoresis. Obtaining as results the presence of resistance genes in beta-lactams with an amplification of the band of 162 bp but no amplification of glycopeptides was found, which means that there are different ways for the existence of resistance. The identification and monitoring of these genes are crucial to evaluate food safety and prevent the spread of resistant bacteria in the final food chain.Item Valoración de los perfiles antimicrobianos y genes de resistencia de Salmonella enterica aislada en carne de pollo expendida en Ambato”(2024-08) Aráuz Paredes, David Isaac; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaSalmonella enterica is a versatile bacteria that perceives very refined antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, causing a worldwide problem with regard to public health, which is why it should be investigated according to the “One Health” approach, which unites human, animal and environmental health professionals to mitigate the development of bacterial resistance, because the routes of contamination of these bacteria are through foods of animal origin, whose spread is more effective due to the poor hygiene standards implemented in slaughter sites. The objective of this research was to assess the antimicrobial profiles and resistance genes of Salmonella enterica isolated in chicken meat sold in Ambato. A Salmonella enterica strain was used, from which two samples were obtained (Salmonella enterica subespecie enterica serovar Enteritidis strain ATCC 13076 and Salmonella enterica strain FDAARGOS_768), where they were developed in two study phases. In the first phase, the use of the Kirby Bauer method was highlighted to evaluate the antibioresistance of the strain against a group of 5 antibiotics, these being Amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (AMC), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Gentamicin (GM), Oxytetracycline (OT) and Sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (SXT), of which were classified according to the size of their inhibition zone into Resistant, Intermediate and Sensitive, following the regulations imposed by the CLSI. The results obtained were total resistance to OT, intermediate resistance to CIP and sensitivity to GM, AMC and SXT, the latter acting effectively against Salmonella enterica. In the second phase, only Oxytetracycline was taken to observe the presence of resistance genes, since it was the only antibiotic that was resistant. To visualize the resistance genes, the tet(4) gene primers were used, due to the high prevalence rate in previous research, and the same PCR conditions with which the gene was obtained were also applied. However, the results were negative without the presence of the chosen gene, for this reason it was considered pertinent to explain the molecular mechanisms that confer resistance to the bacteria against each group of antibiotics, starting with tetracyclines and ending with sulfonamides.Item Efecto del ajo (Allium Sativum) sobre los índices de producción y Eimeria spp en pollos de engorde(2024-02) Rojas Chunio, Nataly Tatiana; Guerrero López, Jorge RicardoThe aim of this study was to analyze different percentages of addition garlic (A. Sativum) in different doses on the productive indexes and the oocyst count of Eimeria spp, for which four treatments were used: T0: control without addition of (A. Sativum); T1: with 0.15% of (A. Sativum); T2: with 0.25% of (A. Sativum) and T3: with 0.3% of (A sativum). It was evaluated in 160 broilers of the cobb 500 line, one day old. By means of an experimental design with 4 replicates by treatment and 10 animals by replicate, the data obtained were evaluated with Tukey’s statistical test with a significance level of 95% using InfoStat as the statistical program. The productive period was divided into three stages: Initial (8-12 days); Growth (13-28 days) and Fattening (29-49 days) while samples were taken to count oocyts of Eimeria spp on days 35 and 49, for which 10 animals by treatment were sacrificed to obtain fecal samples directly from the intestine, which were evaluated in the laboratory with the floatation technique an the McMaster chamber. The best results were obtained with the T3 treatment with the addition of (3%) of (A. Sativum), finding better results in productive indexes with a weight gain of (2411.98 g) and a feed conversion of (2.08). It also showed a lower quantity of oocysts by g/feces and a good cost/benefit of 1.20. Key words: broilers, A. Sativum, productive indexes, Eimeria spp.Item Calidad microbiológica de canales de pollo (Gallus gallus) en centros de faenamiento que suministran al cantón Ambato(2023-03) Manzanillas Miranda, Carolina Beatriz; Cruz Quintana, Sandra MargaritaFoodborne diseases (ETA) are a public health problem, in which bacteria have a higher incidence in diarrheal infections. Consequently, food safety is a significant problem worldwide, because, in the areas where chicken carcasses are obtained, there may be different points of cross contamination, being Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, Campylobater spp and Listeria monocytogenes the most frequent pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of chicken carcasses (Gallus gallus) in slaughterhouses that supply the Ambato canton. The methodology that was used consisted of taking 45 samples of chicken meat, taking 5 samples per slaughterhouse; with which we worked in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Technical University of Ambato, counting mesophilic aerobics, sowing on selective agar such as Modified Chromogenic Listeria agar, MacConkey agar, agar, Buffered Peptone agar, Nutrient agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar, Triple Sugar Iron agar, Gram stain, oxidase and catalase test. The result that was obtained in the 45 samples collected in the nine different slaughterhouses were, 11 samples with values of 1.05 x 106 CFU/g, 4 with values of 9.18 x 106 CFU/g and 30 samples with values greater than 1.0 x 107 CFU/g, with an average count of 4.03 x 107 CFU/g. In the same way, of the 45 samples were identified, 2 samples of Listeria spp, 16 samples of Salmonella spp and 42 samples of Escherichia coli. On the other hand, the risk factors with the highest incidence in the contamination of chicken meat were the microbiological quality of drinking water, operator health safety, staff training, the scalding phase, evisceration, pre-cooling, cooling of the chicken meat and its safety.